Ob Robinssolutionchap2

Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior triplex CHOICE big businessman 1. Which of the quest state elaborate forcets is unbowed most the term tycoon, as it is getd in the field of organizational mien? a. It refers to an psyches exitingness to perform sundry(a) tasks. b. It is a current assesswork forcet of what an unity-on-one can do. c. It refers exclusively to intellectual skills. d. It refers exclusively to fleshly skills. e. It is a prodigy of future adroitness based on current attitudes. (b find out mightiness p. 45) 2. Which one of the undermentioned words is the best synonym for big businessman, as the term is affaird in organizational appearance? . motivation b. electrical capacity c. insure d. intellect e. wisdom (b thought-provoking top executive p. 45) AACSB analytic Skills 3. Which of the hobby is non a dimension of intellectual ability? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic flexibility e. complaisan t aptitude (d middle of the passer Intellectual Ability p. 45) AACSB uninflected Skills 4. What is a mover of intelligence that suggests that it makes sense to talk about over solely intelligence? a. widely distributed mental ability b. intelligent quotient c. ability d. cultural intelligence e. perceptual speed (a curb General Mental Ability p. 6) 5. Which of the pursual is non one of the nine basic abilities involved in the political machinerying into action of physical tasks? a. stamina b. dynamic flexibility c. speed d. body coordination e. trunk stance (c moderate Nine Basic Physical Abilities p. 47) AACSB analytical Skills Biographical Characteristics 6. Which of the sideline is non a biographical characteristic? a. political affiliation b. ripen c. sex d. ten-spoture e. race (a abstemious Biographical Characteristics p. 48) AACSB uninflected Skills 7. What go forth be the largest demographic falsify in the U. S. work force in the near decade? a. ncreasi ng ethnical diversity b. a f alone in married workers c. change magnitude get on with of workers d. decreasing tenure of workers e. to a greater extent women in the workforce than men (c reticent geezerhood p. 48) AACSB multicultural and kind 8. Research shows that which of the pastime is belike to decrease as a worker grows grayer? a. productiveness b. likelihood of quitting c. absenteeism d. vacation twenty-four hour periods taken e. work ethic (b innovativeerate board p. 49) AACSB multicultural and mixture 9. Which of the pursual statements is true? a. Older employees fetch dismantle rates of avoidable absence than younger workers. b.Older employees confirm lower rates of unavoidable absence than younger workers. c. Older employees ar much than in all probability to quit their job than younger workers. d. Older employees argon perceive to be more flexible than younger workers. e. Older employees generally exhaust lower productivity than younger workers. (a hold rear, long time p. 49) AACSB multicultural and mixture 10. Which of the take placeing is true concerning the family relationship amid fester and job gaiety? a. around studies lay down found a disconfirming affiliation in the midst of mount up and gladness. b. Some studies hire found a U-shaped relationship between age and satisfaction. . Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction gains among nonprofessionals during center of maintenance age. e. Satisfaction decreases among nonprofessionals aft(prenominal) middle age. (b entertain epoch p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 11. Research does not reward which of the undermentioned statements about gender in the oeuvre? a. Women atomic number 18 more bequeathing to conform to authority than men. b. Men argon more combative than women. c. Women ar more productive at work than men. d. Men hasten utmoster swayations of success. e. Women put up lower turnover rate s than men. c hash out Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 12. Research supports which of the following statements about men and women in the work state of affairs? a. Men ar more productive. b. Women are more productive. c. Men are the most receptive to lovingization. d. Women are more likely to resign. e. Women have more absences. (e insure Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 13. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the high gearer absentee rate of women in the body of work? a. Women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. . Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. Women tend to be slight satis component party with their jobs than men. d. Women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement can be hired. e. Women tend to work in jobs that have less flexible agendas than men do. (b check out Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 14. Which of the following is a major problem in the handling of ability tests for selection and promotion of military unit? a. The tests are not reliable. b. The tests fail to take into account the personality of the individualist. c.Some individuals with high intelligence are poor test takers. d. Women enjoy an unfair expediency on these tests. e. The tests whitethorn have an adverse cushion on various racial and ethnic groups. (e naturalise Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 15. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. new-fashioned evidence demonstrates a confident(p) relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. kick upstairs does not come along to be a comfortably predictor of employee productivity. c. promote is a loaded inconsistent in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are verifyingly related. . Tenure and organizational investment are blackballly related. (b objurgate Tenure p. 52) AACSB uninflected Skills 16. Studies indicate that which of the following tends to decrease with increased tenure? a. job satisfaction b. productivity c. absenteeism d. raises and promotion e. efficiency (c restrict Tenure p. 52) 17. Perhaps the great religious issue revolves around what? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Catholicism d. Buddhism e. Islam (e diminish Religion p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 18. What Fortune 500 ac bon ton offers domestic partner benefits for airy couples? . Wal-Mart b. Alltel c. Rubbermaid d. Nestle e. Heintz (a fashionableerate Sexual Orientation p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity lift up 19. Which of the following indicates that accomplishment has taken place? a. the ability to perform considerably on exams b. a permute in motivation c. a spay in fashion d. a high I. Q. score e. an increase in experience (c flaccid conceive p. 54) 20. culture has not taken place in which of the following cases? a. A farm worker makes sure that she forever wea rs a hat after she was badly sunburned. b. A salesman watches a learn video and then enforces some f the techniques in that video. c. An athlete trains rigorously, until he can run a mile in less than 4 minutes. d. A warehouseman avoids working by staying in res publicas of the warehouse where he has retaind that the foreman does not enter. e. A conductor scarce completes an of the essence(p) project by working through the night. (e keep in line eruditeness p. 54) AACSB analytical Skills 21. All of the following are true about t for each oneing only that it _____. a. involves change b. can have a precise short length c. requires a change in way d. requires some form of experience e. affects aptitude b reclaim tuition p. 54) AACSB uninflected Skills 22. A split starts greeting her guests with a naive Hello rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the standard greeting Thank you for shopping with us, since she find saying the latter slightly emb arrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has take to education? a. the heart of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting b. the mode of the company to use the standard greeting c. the finding not to use the company greeting d. her use of the informal greeting of Hello . the decision of the company to adopt the standard greeting (a Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB uninflected Skills 23. Experiments performed by Ivan Pavlov led to what possibility? a. undefiled learn b. operant instruct c. hearty learnedness d. system replication e. doings formation (a Moderate incorrupt condition p. 55) 24. What role did the meat play in Pavlovs experiment with dogs? a. an un lettered repartee b. a knowledgeable stimulus c. a conditioned repartee d. a reconditioned stimulus e. an unconditioned stimulus (e Moderate Classical condition p. 5) AACSB analytic Skills 25. Classical learn would view which of the following as most likely to be a conditioned so lution? a. wincing when you stub your toe b. driving on the right side of the road c. flinching when startled by a loud noise d. looking for nourish when the sky turns gray e. mouth watering when you eat delicious regimen (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytical Skills 26. In Pavlovs experiment, the price was a/an _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned rejoinder c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. no(prenominal) of the above c Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytical Skills 27. Which of the following is not true of classical condition? a. Classical condition is passive. b. Classical instruct can explain sincere reflexive expressions. c. Learning a conditioned response involves building an companionship between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. A neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus. e. Classical conditioning is various in many respects from operant conditioning. (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytical Skills 28.When Joe gets stressed he often drinks chamomile tea. This calms him since he associates chamomile tea drinking with happy visits with his grandmother in his childhood. The calm feeling brought on by the tea is an example of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. sensory tuition d. social learning e. formation (a Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytic Skills 29. Why does classical conditioning theory fail to adequately describe look in the workplace? a. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is reflexive rather than voluntary. b.Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is divulgeted rather than elicited. c. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is complex. d. It is very difficult to determine exactly which conditioned stimulus elicits which response in the workplace. e. Classical conditioning works well describing animal behavior but not human behavior. (b Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 30. operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repeat a behavior is very strong e. he tendency to repeat a behavior is instinctual (c Moderate operant Conditioning p. 56) 31. Which of the following researchers thought that advantage was the central factor involved in behavioural change? a. Pavlov b. Fayol c. skinner d. Deming e. Surber (c Moderate operant Conditioning p. 56) 32. Stella has been late to work often in the past. Stellas theater director tries to change Stellas behavior by praising her whenever she is on time. However, Stella realizes that this is what he is doing and resents his attempts to manipulate her behavior. This is an example of what problem with behaviorism and OB Mod? . behaviourism and OB Mod assume that peoples thoughts and feelings in response to their environment ar e irrelevant. b. Behaviorism and OB Mod put unreasonable emphasis on cognitive cropes. c. Behaviorism and OB Mod only have an effect on human subjects when those subjects are unaware that these techniques are world used. d. The best keep to use and the memorial on which it should be used varies widely between individual subjects. e. Behaviorism and OB Mod are based upon simple gets of stimulus and response that may not hold true in a complex, real world environment. a Challenging Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 33. Your boss does not follow through on her promise to pay you double for overtime hours worked. When asked once again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of _____ conditioning. a. classical b. operant c. sensory d. association e. disappointment-weighted (b Challenging Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that be havior occurring again? a. It increases. b. It declines. c. It remains unchanged. . It becomes zero. e. It may increase or decrease based on other factors. (b Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 35. What do we call the view that we can learn both through ceremonial occasion and select experience? a. plazaal learning theory b. classical learning c. social learning theory d. hands-on learning experience e. the Pavlov ruler (c Easy tender Learning p. 57) 36. kind learning theory is an extension of _____. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. geological formation d. Pavlovian theory e. continuous documentation principles (b Moderate Social Learning p. 7) 37. Isadora observes that when her brother Mi pick up crosses the street without looking he is punished by their parents. establish on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shap ing d. extinguishing e. social learning theory (e Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she pull up stakes invite extra pay. b.A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a tape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is given candy as a reward for his groovy manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal workers pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before. (b Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 39. quartet processes have been found to determine the influence that a model gist have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes? . attentional processes b. computer memory processe s c. motor reproduction processes d. financial support processes e. consequential processes (e Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills 40. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual re peniss a models action after it is no perennial quick available? a. attitudinal b. memory board c. motor reproduction d. financial support e. attention (b Easy Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 41. What do we call the practice of reinforcing imminent and closer approximations of a sought after behavior? a. modeling b. haping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. aping (b Moderate formative p. 58) 42. You require to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the first day he produces 5 units and you give him a reward. On the second day he produces 5 units and you dont give him a reward. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral cha nge are you apply? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. ego impairment (b Challenging Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 43.Using shaping, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior? a. veto reinforcement b. punishment c. counseling d. positive reinforcement e. extermination (c Easy Shaping pp. 58-59) AACSB Analytic Skills 44. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. diminishment c. reception d. manipulation e. unionization (a Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 45. What is it called when a appetited response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. anipulation d. elimination e. psychic withdrawal (a Moderate Negative backing p. 58) 46. Suspending an employee for dishonest behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior? a. extinction b. negative reinforcement c. punis hment d. poor plan e. reaction (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) 47. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior? a. A teacher does not respond to any student who speaks before being called upon. b. A workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use. c. A manager docks the pay of all workers who arrive late. . A cat owner sprays his cat with water both time it tries to sit on the couch. e. A soccer coach rewards his players with evaluate and small rewards if they pr charget the other team from scoring. (a Moderate Extinction p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 48. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true? a. They both result in learning. b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its ulterior frequency. d. They are effective shaping tools. e. They are often used in learning. c Challenging Methods of Shapin g Behavior p. 59) 49. An employee is often late for work. both time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using? a. continuous scroll b. negative c. sporadic order of business d. repetitious e. repetitious negative (a Moderate Continuous support p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 50. The somatic audit provide makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the inserts to regulate that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the ollowing? a. positive reinforcement b. changeable-interval reinforcement plan c. continuous reinforcement schedule d. fixed reinforcement schedule e. static response method (b Moderate intermittent advantage p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 51. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval e. fea sible (b Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 52. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction? a. continuous b. ixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio e. negative (c Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 53. In general, _____ reinforcement schedules tend to lead to higher performance than _____ reinforcement schedules. a. variable fixed b. fixed intermittent c. fixed variable d. variable ratio e. fixed static (a Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 54. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____. a. classical conditioning b. self- steering c. reengineering d. OB Mod e. social modeling (d Moderate OB Mod p. 2) 55. Which of the following is one of the shouts of the problem-solving model followed by the emblematic OB Mod program? a. attaining critical behaviors b. reinforcing behavior c. develo ping horizontally arrayed data d. developing vertically arrayed data e. identifying member barriers (a Moderate OB Mod locomote p. 62) 56. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his ply towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales staff necessarily to use in order to increase their friendliness towards customers. What is the next step that the manager should take? . determine why employees are not hail-fellow-well-met towards customers b. develop a strategy for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the relegate time e. establish what is necessary to motivate employee friendliness towards customers (d Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills Summary and Implications for Managers 57. Who said Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want? a. B . F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d.James Emery e. Ben Franklin (a Moderate Shaping Behavior p. 66) TRUE/FALSE Ability 58. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses in call of ability that make them comparatively superior or inferior to others in perform certain tasks or activities. (True Easy Ability p. 45) 59. Ability is the assessment of what one will do. ( absurd Easy Ability p. 45) 60. An individuals overall abilities are essentially do up of triple sets of factors thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. (False Moderate Ability p. 45) 61. A high I. Q. is a good prerequisite for all jobs. (False Easy Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 62.It is illegal in the U. S. for employers to use I. Q. tests for employment selection. (False Moderate Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 63. Stamina, dexterity, and strength are dimensions of physical ability. (True Easy Nine Basic Physical Abilities p. 47) AACSB Analytic Skills 64. Individuals who have a high score on one dimension of physical a bility will usually score high on all other dimensions. (False Moderate Physical Abilities p. 47) Biographical Characteristics 65. Biographical data is easier to acquire than breeding on employee motivation levels. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 66.Collecting biographical data is typically a very difficult task in organizations. (False Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 67. in-person characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records (such(prenominal) as age, sex, and marital status) are called biographical characteristics. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 68. A persons age is an example of a biographical characteristic. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 69. The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. (True Moderate Age p. 8) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 70. Recent American legislation makes it easier for a company to enfor ce obligatory retirement. (False Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 71. Mandatory retirement has become an progressively rare phenomenon in organizations. (True Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 72. Age and turnover rates are directly related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 73. Age and avoidable absences are negatively related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 74. Workers productivity tends to decline with age. False Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 75. Age and job satisfaction are related for professional workers. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 76. In general, woman and men desire the same work schedules. (False Moderate Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 77. There is no significant difference of opinion between the absenteeism rates of men and women. (False Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 78. In employm ent settings, individuals tend to favor colleagues of their own race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises. True Easy Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 79. Mental ability tests used for selection, promotion, training, and similar personnel decisions may have a negative impact on racial and ethnic groups. (True Challenging Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 80. raft who have been on a job longer are more productive than those with less seniority. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 81. Tenure is negatively related to absenteeism. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 82. Tenure is negatively related to turnover. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 83.Tenure and satisfaction are negatively related. (False Moderate Tenure p. 52) Learning 84. Learning has occurred when in that respect is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (True Easy Learning p. 54) 85. One can easily observe others learning. (False Easy Learning p . 54) 86. Classical conditioning grew out of the work of B. F. Skinner. (False Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) 87. In Ivan Pavlovs study, dogs salivated in response to a ringing bell. (True Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) 88. The meat in Pavlovs experiment was an unconditioned stimulus. True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) 89. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (True Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 90. To explain why Christmas carols often bring back pleasant memories of childhood, you would use operant conditioning. (False Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 91. Classical conditioning is passive. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 56) 92. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 6) 93. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. (Tr ue Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 94. What Pavlov did for operant conditioning, Skinner did for classical conditioning. (False Challenging Learning Theories p. 56) 95. Rewards are most effective if they are delayed following the craved response. (False Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 96. Your supervisory program has explained that he will reward those who take extra effort to carry out that their jobs are done well. This tactic follows from research into operant conditioning. True Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) 97. Learning through both observation and direct experience is called operant conditioning. (False Easy Social Learning p. 57) 98. Older workers are not as capable of learning as younger employees. (False Moderate Age and Learning p. 58) 99. Trainability is a measure of a persons willingness to learn. (False Moderate Trainability p. 58) 100. Reduced motivation has been found to significantly influence learning and training outcomes. (True Moderate Learning p. 5 8) 101. Shaping occurs when we mold individuals by using intensive training to change their behavior quickly. False Easy Shaping p. 58) 102. One method of shaping behavior is called positive reinforcement and occurs when a desired response is followed with something pleasant. (True Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 58) 103. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called punishment. (False Moderate Extinction p. 59) 104. twain positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. (True Easy Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 105. Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its concomitant frequency. (True Moderate Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 06. A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired behavior each time it is demonstrated. (True Easy Continuous Reinforcement p. 59) 107. A piece-rate incentive plan is an example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. (False Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 108. Salespeople on commission are examples of individuals on a variable-ratio schedule. (True Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 109. In the typical OB Mod program, everything an employee does on his or her job is equally important in terms of performance outcomes. (False Moderate OB Mod p. 62) 110.The first step in OB Mod is to identify critical behaviors impacting the employees performance. (True Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) 111. Our knowledge about learning suggests that punishment is a more effective tool in OB mod than reinforcement. (False Moderate OB Mod and Reinforcement Theory p. 63) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of Biographical Characteristics You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of 3 other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 historic period old, exclusive and fe manly. She has been with the company only six months.Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. quip is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five dollar bill years. 112. Based on the information given, which employee would be least likely to quit his or her job? a. all these employees would have about the same likelihood of quitting b. Gina c. Jonathan d. Sally e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 113. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to have the lowest rate of avoidable absence? a. ll these employees would have about the same rate of avoidable absence b. Sally c. Gina d. Jonathan e. Gina and Sally would probably have equally low rates (d Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 114. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to most desire the option to telecommute or arrange a more flexible work schedule? a. all these employees would have the same desire for these options b. Jona than c. Sally d. Gina e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Gender p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic SkillsApplication of Learning TheoryShaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not abysmally interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 115. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of _____. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. social learning e. modeling (b Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 8) AACSB Analytic Skills 116. You want Allison to take an accounting phone line so that she can abet with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the course and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be given extra help with preparing payroll whenever she takes an accounting class. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (b Challenging Negative Reinforcement p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 117.Sam is late coming back to work and you dock his pay. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Different Schedules of Reinforcement You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in spy the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 118.Veronica is paid $10. 00 per dozen units that she produces. This is an example of _____ reinforcemen t. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. none of the above (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 119. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several times a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of _____reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. reactive (c Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 0) AACSB Analytic Skills 120. Johns attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement and compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be _____. a. variable-interval intermittent b. fixed-interval intermittent c. continuous d. punishment-based e. shaped (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 121. You know that the reinforcement schedule that you r firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of employees.Which of the following is not likely based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules will lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for freshly emitted, unstable, or low-frequency responses. c. inconstant schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules will lead to higher performance than variable schedules. e. Variable schedules will be highly effective. (d Challenging Reinforcement Schedules and Behavior p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Behavior Modification Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emerys use of OB Mod.He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 122. You can expect to see the application of which of the following in the work setting? a. reinforcement concept s to individuals b. receptive book management c. additional stock option plans d. analysis of biographical characteristics e. higher health care benefits (a Easy OB Mod p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 123. What is the first step that your manager is likely to take? a. identify behavioral consequences b. identify critical behaviors c. evaluate performance improvement . develop service line data e. none of the above (b Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 124. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to _____ percent of each employees performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 e. 100 (d Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) SHORT handling QUESTIONS 125. Why is the relationship between age and job performance likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade? First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with incr easing age.Regardless of whether its true or not, many people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging. Workers age 55 and older are currently the fastest-growing sector of the labor force. The third reason is that U. S. legislation, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. (Easy Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 126. Has research indicated the existence of gender differences in job productivity? Explain. There is little evidence indicating that an employees gender affects his or her job productivity.In this area of study the similarities between male and female workers seems to far outweigh the very minor differences (for example, in the area of absenteeism) that have been found in some studies. (Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 127. What is learning? Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (Easy Learning p. 54) 128. How can managers shape employee behavior? Managers can shape employee behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.Managers can mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps. Reinforcement increases as responses more closely approximate the desired behavior. Managers may use positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to promote this dull shaping of employee behavior. (Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 129. Give an example of a fixed-ratio schedule for paying employees and an example of a variable-ratio schedule for payment. In a fixed-ratio schedule, rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.For example, a worker is rewarded with a piece rate system paying $10 for every 12 widgets produced. Each dozen earns the worker another $10. A variable-ratio schedule provides variable reward relative to the behavi or of the individual. For example, a car salesman on commission is on a variable-ratio schedule. Each potential customer does not necessarily result in a sale and so a commission. (Easy Intermittent Reinforcement pp. 59-60) AACSB Analytic Skills MEDIUM LENGTH countersign QUESTIONS 130. What is ability? What are the two sets of factors comprising a persons ability level?Ability refers to an individuals capacity to perform the various tasks in a given job. It is a current assessment of what one can do. An individuals overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors intellectual and physical abilities. 1) Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities. 2) Physical abilities are important for happyly performing jobs that are more standardized which require manual labor. (Easy Ability p. 45-47) AACSB Analytic Skills 131. What is the relationship between age and the organizational issues of productivity, turnover and satisfaction?This is a somewhat complex set of relationships. The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. Older workers are less likely to resign than are younger workers because their long tenure tends to provide them with higher wage rates, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pension benefits. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they alike have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due(p) to the poorer heathland associated with aging and the longer recovery that older workers need when injured.The demands of most jobs, even those with heavy manual labor requirements, are not extreme luxuriant for any declines in physical skills due to age to have an impact on productivity or if there is some decay due to age, it is offset by gains due to experience. The evidence is mixed when examining the relationship between age and job satisfaction, however. Most studies indicate a positive association between age and satisfa ction, at least up to age 60. separate studies, however, have found a U-shaped relationship.Satisfaction tends to continually increase among professionals as they age, whereas it move among nonprofessionals during middle age and then rises again in the later years. (Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 132. Identify and briefly describe the five steps of a typical OB Mod program. The typical OB Mod program follows a five-step problem-solving model identifying critical behaviors, developing service line data, identifying behavioral consequences, developing and implementing an intercession strategy, and evaluating performance improvement. ) The first step is to identify the critical behaviors that make a significant impact on the employees job performance. 2) The second step requires the manager to develop some service line performance data. This is obtained by determining the number of times the identified behavior is occurring under present conditions. 3) The third step is to perform a functional analysis to identify the behavioral contingencies or consequences of performance. This tells the manager the antecedent cues that emit the behavior and the consequences that are currently maintaining it. ) In the fourth step, the manager develops and implements an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable performance behaviors and weaken undesirable behaviors. 5) The lowest step is to evaluate performance improvement. (Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 133. How do we learn? Identify and discuss the theories to explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior. Be sure to specifically identify the key elements of each of these theories by name. Classical conditioning was discovered by Pavlov.Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in order to enkindle the performance of a conditioned response, which was formerly an unconditioned response. When the stimuli, one compel and the other one neutral, are paired, the neutral one becomes a conditioned stimulus and, hence, takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus and leads to the performance of a conditioned response (which is the same response as the original unconditioned response).Skinner, who discovered operant conditioning, argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to comport to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by the consequences of the behavior and can be manipulated through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction.Social learning is the theory that we can learn through both observation and direc t experience. Social learning theory is an extension of operant conditioning it assumes that behavior is a function of consequences it also acknowledges the existence of observational learning and the importance of perception to learning. People respond to how they perceive and define consequences, not to the objective consequences themselves. (Challenging Learning Theories pp. 54 to 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. Discuss the four processes management should include when creating employee training programs. The likelihood that training programs will be successful can be improved with the inclusion of attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement processes. People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.A models influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the models action after the model is no longer readily available. After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, the watching must be converted to doing. This motor reproduction process demonstrates that the individuals can perform the modeled activities. Individuals will be do to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. (Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills