Barriers to Democratization in China

This article presents and enlightens the rationale for the failure of China in establishing a democratic system. Such topic is broad and extensive apparently because it attempts to explain the natural flow of democratization with relation to China that has yet to establish a democratic system. This also endeavors to enhance the understanding of democratization process on a certain country.The whole presentation of barriers to Chinese democratization is divided into phases and provides analytical framework in the further understanding of the nature of democratization process.Such phases are consisting of several factors which serve as the subordinate topics in demonstrating the impacts of these factors on Chinese democratization. Chinese Democratization Chinese democratization is of immense importance, both practically and theoretically. Although it is only one country, China represents between one-fifth and one-fourth of the world’s population. According to Rummel (1991), â₠¬Å"due to the undemocratic systems in twentieth-century China, millions suffered from political persecution and died unnatural deaths.† For example, more than twenty million starved to death in the famine of 1959–61. As late as 1989, hundreds of unarmed civilians were mowed down in the capital city of Beijing. Democracy may not work miracles, but it can avoid such tragedies (Rummel 1991). Presenting Barriers to Chinese Democracy I. Historical Legacy and Democracy This part of the article presents the assessment of the potential impact of historical legacy on the process of democratization in China. The general conditions, political thoughts, and political traditions go under this first factor.It initially looks at how some general conditions constrain Chinese political development and compares political thoughts with modern democracy and examines the way democratic or undemocratic Chinese political traditions were. Historical legacies are not of equal importance. Some a re trivial and transitory, such as people’s dress. Others are substantial and stable, such as people’s ways of treating one another. Modern democracy resulted from the interaction between Western traditions and modernization.Given China’s different historical path and its low level of modernization, its democratization process was in the grip of its historical legacies. By focusing on general conditions, political thoughts, and political traditions, this chapter suggests that China’s historical legacies pose a challenge to the democratization process. The vast territory and diverse conditions always create problems for governability and participation in traditional times. A long history tends to foster a cynical view of politics, just as a short history may facilitate an idealistic view of politics.A huge population not only decreases people’s incentive for participation, but also renders it difficult to change the rules of the game. China’s relative isolation from the West cost the Chinese the opportunity to learn from a great and dynamic civilization. All these forms formidable force of inertia that slows down and even blocks attempts to adopt new systems and habits in China. Indeed, few Western thoughts before the modern time were democratic, but the Athenian political and intellectual experiences, the Roman conception of citizenship and law, and Christianity’s conception of humanity did facilitate democracy as we know it today.By contrast, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, and Taoism contained some democratic elements, but none qualified as being democratic because of their failure to advocate popular sovereignty and individual liberty. As the dominant ideology in China, Confucianism was paternalistic in preaching benevolence and propriety. Despite its good intentions, its differences from democracy were huge. Kant’s remark that paternalism is the worst form of tyranny contains some truth. What further separates China from the West is their political traditions. Feudalism had dominated the West for a long time.It was characterized by its lack of equality, liberty, and a powerful central government. It deserves mentioning that not until the early 1860s were serfdom and slavery abolished in Russia and the United States, respectively. Against this historical background, the middle class in the West not only demanded equality and freedom denied by feudal systems, but also attempted to limit the rising power of the central government after the decline of feudalism. By contrast, traditional China witnessed a great deal of socioeconomic equality and freedom.Chinese political and economic systems allowed for a high level of social mobility. So the call for freedom and equality appealed less to the Chinese than to the Europeans. Compared with its European counterparts, the Chinese government was powerful. Theoretically, all the land and people belonged to the emperor. But China’s va st territory and traditional technology softened the impact of a bureaucratic empire. There were both enlightened and despotic rulers in Chinese history. When tyranny accompanied socioeconomic hardship, the Chinese exercised their right of rebellion.As a result, Chinese history seemed to be trapped in a â€Å"dynastic cycle. † Without modernization and foreign contacts, China might have found it difficult to break this cycle. II. Local Forces and Democracy During the second half of the 19th century, China experienced the decline of central power in contrast to the rise of many countries like the U. S. , Italy, and Prussia. In particular, the Taiping Rebellion which endured from 1851-64 had affected almost all the provinces in China proper, devastated its most prosperous regions, and had cost 20 to 40 million people dead.What further undermined the central power was the Nien Rebellion in the north from 1851 to 1868, the Miao Rebellion in the southwest from 1855 to 1872, and th e Moslem Rebellion in the northwest from 1862 to 1878. Collectively, these are referred to as local forces that decisively affect the democratization process in the Republican era. The establishment of the republic did not imply that the Chinese were willing or able to maintain democracy. Before the 1911 Revolution, most Chinese had no preference for democratic republicanism, and those who advocated democracy treated it less as an end than as a means to national power and wealth.But the revolution ruled out the possibility of establishing a new monarchy in China and ushered in the era of republicanism. The entire Republican era was mainly shaped by the shifting balance of power between the central government and local forces. Since the mid–nineteenth century, foreign powers and local forces had undermined the Manchu regime. During the 1911 Revolution, the independence of provinces doomed the Qing dynasty. Since the local forces continued to threaten the new republic, a strong man was needed to rule China.Yuan Shih-kai’s fight against disintegration served national interests and commanded widespread support. But his monarchical scheme discredited him, and his death created an opportunity for the rise of warlordism. During the warlord period, the central government not only lost control of local forces, but also was manipulated by powerful warlords. Against this background, the Nationalists cooperated with the Soviet Union to achieve national unification. The rise of local forces was nothing new in China. With its vast territory, regional diversity, and traditional technology, the empire always faced the danger of division.Since the respective authorities of central and local governments were not clearly defined, the central government might have too much or too little power. On balance, the former was a lesser evil than the latter. While rational rulers had little intention to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs, the lack of legitimacy motivat ed local satraps to maximize their profits. The Chinese fear of local forces appeared unwarranted in the eyes of foreigners, but it constituted a self-fulfilling prophecy. Idealizing a unitary system, many Chinese leaders would resort to violence and war for the sake of national unification.Accordingly, the fear of local forces led to war, which in turn justified people’s original fear. If the establishment of the new republic had little to do with the Chinese people’s democratic conviction, partisan conflict, domestic turmoil, and civil wars in the Republican era made the Chinese disillusioned with democracy. Indeed, democracy does not necessarily weaken state power, and no real democracy was put into practice in China. But there is no denying that the early phase of democratization tends to unleash divisive forces. Through legitimating diverse interests democracy risks undermining the central power.Historical examples abound. A weak confederation followed the America n Revolution. Fortunately, the founding fathers opted for a federal system, which struck a balance between central and local powers. Like many other countries, post-Revolution China experienced chaos and civil wars. The Revolution was intended to strengthen state power, but contributed to its further decline. The painful experience in the Republican era convinced the Chinese that a weak and divisive country needed a strong government, and that dictatorship represented a lesser evil than anarchy. III. World System and DemocracyAll countries have been dragged into the world system in the contemporary times. Unfortunately, this foreign system is unbeneficial to weaker countries and a monster that is beyond their control. It is no exaggeration, as Toynbee (1969) declares, to say that their modern history is one of their responses to foreign challenges. Before the end of World War II, China was one of the disadvantaged countries having deplorable status in the effect of world system†™s adversity to democratization processes. Without the modern world system, democratization might not have become an issue in China.However, such a system militated against the process of democratization in the Nationalist era in several ways. First, the nature of the world system was undemocratic, if not antidemocratic. What characterized this system was power politics and capitalism. The former treated might as right; the latter sought profits and ignored equality. To survive in such a world required a strong state, but not necessarily a democratic one. Given China’s low status in the world, the Chinese desired wealth and power rather than democracy.In fact, the Chinese accepted democracy, less because they embraced the value itself than because they saw it as a method to strengthen the state power. Second, liberal democracy was less attractive than it is today. Internal disturbance and foreign threats in 1930s provided the best justification for dictatorship. No wonder t hat the Nationalist government and many Chinese intellectuals found dictatorship both necessary and desirable. Third, the Japanese aggression made the Chinese democratization almost irrelevant.Indeed, the Sino-Japanese War facilitated partisan cooperation, stimulated Chinese nationalism, and helped democratize the world system. But amid foreign aggression, national survival took precedence over the call for democracy and human rights. Equally important, the war catapulted the Communists into formidable power and exacerbated socioeconomic problems the Nationalists had never been able to handle. As a result, a democratic solution to China’s political, economic, and social problems became difficult, if not impossible. Lastly, the Cold War system affected Chinese political development.The victory of the Soviet Union in World War II and the expansion of socialism into East Europe boosted the reputation of socialism in comparison with liberal democracy. Both superpowers wanted to i ncrease their own influence in China and sided with either the Nationalists or the Communists. It was no exaggeration to say that the evolution of the world system made possible the Communist triumph. IV. Socialist Values and Democracy Although the Mao era did well in promoting socioeconomic equality and deserved credit for encouraging mass participation, socialist China did not qualify as democracy as we know it.The one-party rule excluded the possibility for citizens to select rulers. Civil and political rights were ignored, if not flagrantly violated. The house-registration system and class label contravened the principles of liberty and equality. Millions suffered from political persecution. Even among the party itself, powerful struggles were frequent and cruel. What was worse, the Communists did not deliver on their own material promise. Living standards in Maoist China barely increased. In explaining the lack of democracy in China, one cannot ignore the role of Mao.It was Mao who hastened the socialist transformation, led the AntiRightists Campaign, initiated the Great Leap, encouraged the people’s communes, reversed the sensible guidelines of the Eighth Congress, and launched the Cultural Revolution. Without him, Chinese socialism would have taken different shape. But even without him, there would have been little chance for socialist China to be democratic. Authors like Berger (1993) and Almond (1991) believe that â€Å"the reality is that although countries with market economies have not necessarily been democratic, all democracies have coexisted with market economies†.Advocates of socialism see no contradiction between socialism and democracy. Ralph Miliband, for example, maintains that â€Å"socialist democracy would embody many of the features of liberal democracy, including the rule of law, the separation of powers, civil liberties, political pluralism, and a vibrant civil society, but it would give them much more effective meaning . It would seek the democratization of the state and of society at all levels (Miliband p. 117). This theoretical possibility has not yet translated into reality.C. B. MacPherson is more sophisticated in arguing that although existing socialist countries do not guarantee political freedom, this does not imply that socialism inevitably conflicts with democracy. He attributes the socialist failure in this respect to three specific factors. According to MacPherson (1973), â€Å"socialist countries were established in underdeveloped countries; they faced the hostility of Western powers; and their birth in revolution or civil war entailed the restriction of freedom. †The conflict between socialism and democracy cannot merely be explained by historical circumstances, but should be explained by the nature of both socialist revolution and the socialist system. By aiming at abolishing private property, socialist revolution inevitably invites the strongest opposition from all ruling an d propertied classes. As a result, socialists have to rely on violence to achieve their objective. Moreover, many scholars, like Belden (1949) and Talmon (1960) find the socialist preference for collective over individual rights to be at the root of totalitarianism.As early as 1848, Tocqueville stated that â€Å"democracy extends the sphere of individual freedom; socialism restricts it. Democracy attaches all possible value to each man; socialism makes each man a mere agent, a mere number. Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word: equality. But notice the difference: as quoted in Hayek (1972) that â€Å"while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude. † The dictatorship of the proletariat may intend to serve the vast majority of the people, but it bodes ill for democracy and human rights.Lenin defines dictatorship as â€Å"nothing more or less than authority untrammeled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever, and based directly on force† (Lenin p. 353). Socialists’ emphasis on class character ignores humanity and individuality, and their call for class struggle damages the social fabric. By dehumanizing class enemies, they tolerate and even extol the abuse of human rights. Not least of all, even if socialist rulers are well intentioned, a socialist economy provides the best pedestal for despotism.Public ownership and planned economy enable an all-powerful state to control people’s livelihood, to limit their freedom, and to foster their passivity and fear. V. Economic Development and Democracy Deng Xiaoping’s Era Deng’s reform policy was less political democratization than economic development. Nevertheless, close relations between these two processes determined that he had an important role to play in the process of democratization (Shambaugh 1995). Economic development and political democratization are both desirable, but they somet imes compete and even conflict with each other.Deng’s preference for economic development over political democratization was understandable. Human beings are more economic animals than political ones. Democracy appeals less to poor people in poor countries, and Deng’s political liberalization further decreased the Chinese desire for democracy. Deng first instituted the responsibility system in the countryside and later abolished the commune system. At the same time, he did his best to integrate China into the outside world. The success in rural reform shifted Deng’s attention to urban reform.Despite its limitations, the economic reform increased the people’s living standard, boosted the private sector, substituted a market economy for a planned economy, and internationalized the Chinese economy. All these had positive impacts on democratization, because they reduced the state power over the society, expanded an autonomous economic realm, decreased the eli te’s interest in seeking political power, and motivated better-off and better-educated people to demand more freedom and rights.Economic reforms, however, could not be deepened without political reform. Twice Deng wanted to institute political reforms, but they fell short of expectations. Deng never embraced liberal democracy. For him, democracy represented a means to economic development. When it jeopardized stability and unity, it would be abandoned. But Deng’s political reform received less credit than it deserves. Elections were permitted at local levels. Legal reforms moved China closer to the rule of law. With his administrative reform, old cadres gradually gave way to new technocrats.Although the Chinese did not enjoy positive freedom to participate in government affairs, they were granted negative freedom in their social and economic life. In short, Deng’s political reform represented a change in system rather than a change of system, and was characteriz ed not by democratization but by liberalization and institutionalization. Deng’s economic reform was a two-edged sword, providing more legitimacy to the Communist rule, and causing social unrest and public protests. The 1989 Tiananmen Incident reflected and reinforced the legitimacy crisis.The mass protests originated from people’s dissatisfaction with their economic situations and social injustice, but did not mean that they wanted to overthrow Communist rule. Although the repression temporarily stabilized the situation, the legitimacy crisis became much severer. Like most authoritarian rulers, Deng had no choice but to rely on further economic development to regain legitimacy. Since then, Chinese leaders and people have followed the East Asian model, putting development before democratization.Conclusion All of the above factors presented are apparently legitimate and convincing when it comes to the realities happening in China. These barriers are enough to provide an swers to the issue of China democratization. This presentation provides knowledge with such potential factors and significantly deepens our knowledge of the nature of democratization process in a selected country. References Almond, Gabriel. â€Å"Capitalism and Democracy,† in PS: Political Science and Politics. September 1991: pp. 467–74.Belden, Jack. China Shakes the World. New York: Harper, 1949: p. 504. Berger, Peter. â€Å"The Uncertain Triumph of Democratic Capitalism,† in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited. Ed. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993: p. 3. Hayek, Friedrich. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972: p. 25. Lenin, â€Å"A Contribution to the History of the Question of the Dictatorship. † in Collected Works, 31 (n. d. ): p. 353. MacPherson, C B.Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973: pp. 151–52. Miliband, Ralph.  "The Socialist Alternative,† in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited. Ed. Diamond and Plattner, p. 117. Rummel, R J. China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991. Shambaugh, David, ed. Deng Xiaoping: Portrait of a Chinese Statesman. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Talmon, Jacob. The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. New York: Praeger, 1960.

Emerson Self Reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson's works â€Å"Self-Reliance† and Nature esteem transcendentalism as a romantic, individualistic philosophy of life in hopes of establishing contemporary concepts in society which reject traditional institutions and customs. Emerson’s thoughts are generally based on inward reflection, in which the capabilities of one’s soul and intuition are fundamental. He believes that a rejuvenated sense of personal inspiration can overpower the dogmatic constructs society imposes on its members.Emerson stresses the potential for genius and creativity in all people through the depth of philosophic interest in nature and in oneself, allowing people to find self-truth or their purpose. He further expounds upon this concept of the pursuit of self-realization by describing the process of gaining insight through opening oneself to the powers of nature in solitude and closing oneself to the influence of society in isolation. Isolation reflects Emerson’s sta tement of individualism as its emphasis is placed on the mental strength of a person over traditional systems of thought.This philosophy esteems individuals above all: society, religion, and other institutions and systems of thought. The dogmatisms imposed on human beings are part of a course one must deviate from in order to achieve individual freedom of thought and expression. A person must use society as a standard from which they must rise above by disregarding its norms. Emerson repeatedly calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, and experiences above those presented to them by others. Each individual is a unique expression of creativity and will, capable of contributing different ideas and reforms to society.Mankind’s divinity also plays a prominent role in the methods of isolation. All people, according to Emerson, have divine powers within. Success and achievement are derived from people themselves, not bestowed by another superior being. He uses th e example of â€Å"prayer as a means to effect a private end, is theft and meanness† (Self-Reliance 545). This direct link between divinity and the individual provides assurance that the individual will, when correctly exercised, can never produce evil.Individual will, in Emerson's philosophy, is not something to be rejected or hidden, as done so by many who are unable to see past society’s dictums, but rather a force to be asserted and upheld for the more advanced progress of man. In this context however, an individual who fails to be self-reliant, who does not intend to act upon his or her own thoughts and ideas, is out of step with its purpose. Such a person, in Emerson's view, cannot be productive, fulfilled, and therefore happy, as they are not living for anything real.These people are only temporarily pacified by ideals that have already been established, innovations that have already been discovered, and abilities that have already been exhausted. On the other h and, a person who is self-reliant can be assured that he or she is carrying out a divine purpose of life, as no one before them could have had the exact same ideas, strengths, or mental environment to work with. Those who flout the rules and conventions of society and religion do, however, suffer disapproval as a result.But, Emerson points out, those men who were earlier condemned are now considered some of the greatest thinkers of all time: Galileo, Socrates, Copernicus, and countless others. Amending the immediate thought process of one’s world exposes the counter ideas of those who do not want change, but is ultimately beneficial when they are given time to adjust and open their minds to new ideas. The first innate reaction of man is to reject that which is different and may pose dangers to the familiar way of life.This â€Å"terror that scares us from self-trust† (Self-Reliance 537) is the beginning of the emergence of universal conformity which, in turn, eclipses innovation and personal growth. However, the more people open themselves to their personal judgment and intuition, the more trust they will have for each other as a mutual respect for ideas will develop. People will be able to relate to each other through their processes of thought, ensuring acknowledgment amongst all for the effort and uniqueness society will experience through individual contributions.Self-reliance is not a merely a matter of averting tradition but, just as importantly, a matter of believing and doing what one is uniquely suited to believe and do. Emerson expects the self-reliant to substitute originality for imitation in every sphere of life. Referencing architecture, Emerson explains that originality will yield a product that is superior to one made by imitation: If the American artist will study with hope and love the precise thing to be done by him, considering the climate, the soil, the length of the day, the wants of the people †¦ e will create a house in which all these will find themselves fitted, and taste and sentiment will be satisfied also (Self-Reliance 547). A commitment to live according to one's own ideas about every matter will certainly result in benefits far greater than those which are given by adhering to former ideals of society as people will be able to almost customize the different aspects of their lives. Isolating oneself from the mental influences of others provides people a tool to aid their focus on what they really desire from themselves and their lives.Though solitude arrives at the same product as isolation, abilities and confidence in oneself, it requires a separate course of action. In solitude, one must physically disconnect from civilization and open oneself to the influences of nature and the powers of the unquantifiable. In Nature, Emerson displays the overwhelming sense of unity, harmony, and the blending of man's identity with the divine essence of nature, as the entire â€Å"universe is composed of Nature and the Soul† (Nature 493). By being in nature, one comes upon the feeling of losing his human point of view.An omniscient one is then created through the feeling that man exists as part of nature-â€Å"I am nothing. I see all† (Nature 494). Nature’s constructs, such as the sublime, help people to not only appreciate their positions in the universe, but realize the vast unknown and the consequent pettiness of everyday temporal problems. By ridding oneself of the perceived dualism between people and nature, one becomes part of all creation and is able to access the power nature exerts. Solitude also includes the awareness of time and its genuine importance that nature conveys to man.Emerson counsels the self-reliant to keep their focus on the present. â€Å"Man postpones or remembers,† (Self-Reliance 541) he explains. â€Å"He does not live in the present, but with reverted eye laments the past, or, heedless of the riches that surround him, stan ds on tiptoe to foresee the future† (Self-Reliance 541). One who lingers in the past or worries about the future wastes one’s life in regret while another who looks to the future misses today's opportunities and pleasures. It is Emerson’s confidence in the present that leads him to establish that consistency is foolish.That a certain belief or course of action was correct, useful, or best in the past does not guarantee that it remains so in the present. Conversely, to leave behind a belief or a way of doing things does not mean that it was not useful at the time or that one was wrong to have pursued it, but it no longer applies. He refers to a rose’s ability to just grow, no matter what may happen in the future and what had happened in the past. The rose simply does what it is supposed to do, and does not let its goal out of sight by becoming distracted with mere possibilities or previous occurrences whose effects cannot be altered.The ability to live in t he moment ensures that an individual uses the potential of every moment to its fullest, ultimately creating a genuine purpose for said individual to work towards and a higher probability of fulfillment in life. This individual goal, however, comes with its own approach. Emerson acknowledges the fact that through isolation, people gear towards finding something they that they either want to achieve or experience as they are able to focus their thoughts on their own potential. Reaching a goal, however, has no preset or guideline; people must go about doing so in their own way.To demonstrate the effectiveness of an apparently inconsistent course through life, Emerson uses a sailing journey as a metaphor: â€Å"The voyage of the best ship is a zigzag line of a hundred tacks† (Self-Reliance 538). The knowledge that one is following the true path to the right destination, despite apparent inconsistencies, gives one confidence to ignore the taunts of others who deride one for changi ng course. By complying with both isolation and solitude, intuition judgment and appreciation become the powers by which people liberate themselves from the constructs and opinions of others and focus on personal growth.Emerson’s perception of solitude suggests that one opens themselves to the exterior influences of nature to gain insight whereas his theory of isolation contends that people use civilization as a standard from which they must deviate. If the individual is able to progress, society will do so automatically. Therefore people must trust their own characters and way of life. Isolation also combats the notion that all people are obliged to acquiesce to societal conformities that are ultimately detrimental to both individual and communal well-being.The â€Å"norm† is not always right, society regresses instead of progresses as people refuse to change what has been, in fear of being different. Solitude results in personal acceptance to where they are in life a s people open themselves to the sublime or powers they cannot compete with, imposing a sense of humility and therefore a realistic outlook to life and one’s own potential. Consequently, nature along with the powers of the human mind embodies true happiness and fulfillment.

Henry VIII

After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 502, and the new Prince od Wales and Earl of Chester In February 1503. Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear In public. As a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne â€Å"untrained in the exacting art of kingship†. Henry VII engeded his youner son with Artur's widow Henry VII died on 22 April 1509, and the young Henry succeeded him as king, adopting the regnal name of Henry VIII. He married Chaterlne of Aragon In June 11 1 509 and in June 24 they were crowned in Westminister Hall.Henriks first moves as a ew ruler were showing out that his government is different from the reign of his father. First he removed the removed the leading figures in the government of Henry VII. And then on the International plans started to take a dfferent policy of peaceful policy of his father. Henry thought of himself as warrior king. He entered into an alliance with some European countries against France, against which he was at war. He personally led expeditions against France defeating the at the Battle of the Spurs 1 513th, but the war Is finally concluded peace agreement 1514th year.He Involved England In the then European polltlcal trends and events as Important, If not decisive, factor. Wars, however, with its cost of production of a number of cannons new fortifications and created serious financial problems. Trying to 1525th introduce a â€Å"friendly support† for funding Henrik's foreign policy has led to the outbreak of disorder and gave up extra tax. As Reformation appeared on the continent Henrik turned his policy to the Pope so he enacted the The Defense of the Seven Sacraments 1521st , which contradicts ideas and theses of the reformist MartinLuther, which defend the foundations of Catholic teaching , and thats why Pope Leo X. Gave him the title of â€Å"Defender of the Faith† (Defensor fidel) Henry was a very ve rsatile person, interested in sports, also had good skill in music and poet. At his court ruled progressive and innovative spirit of the Renaissance, in science and art. Inspired by the discovery of the New World he order to draw up, for that time, the latest map of the world. His reign was characterized by a distinct legislative actlvlty which has left behind many laws such as the laws in wales act in 1536.England plugged in Wales, and the English language has become the only official in the province, despite the fact that most of the population speak Welsh. Among the laws which were passed during the reign of Henrik many were controversial such as the Buggery Act which was the first law against sodomy, Witchcraft Act which punished and prosecuted witches, and the His reign was characterized by a distinct legislative 1 OF3 England plugged in Wales, and the English language has become the only official in the province, despite the fact that most of the population speak Welsh.Among t he laws that were passed during the reign of Henrik many were controversial such as the Buggery Act which was the first law against sodomy, Witchcraft Act which punished and prosecuted witches, The first Act of Supremacy was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. It is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. and the Treasons act from the 1 534th in which the term is issued and extended into words not only on offense.This Act was passed after the Act of Supremacy 1 534, which made the king the â€Å"Only Head of the Church of England on Earth. † Marriages Henry's private life was often involves with state affairs and politics. His desire to have a male heir, and married life were intimately affected on current and future foreign and domestic policy of England, and the place of England in religion and relations with the head of the Catho lic Church Pope. Catherine of Aragon was pregnant with Henry seven times , but only survived child,was a daughter, Mary .Henry , however, desperately wanted a male heir , ecause he believed that only a son can provide continuity to the English throne . In the beginning, while he was married with Catherine had two mistresses , Mary Boleyn and Elizabeth Blount , but fell in love with Mary's sister, Anne Boleyn . When he realized that Katherine (later 1536. Died of cancer ) will no longer be able to have children , overcome by his desire to get a son , and the only way to legally get with Anne Boleyn was by divorcing from Catherine. So he tried to persuade Pope Clement VII . to annul his marriage to Catherine .At first hesitant , Pope 1529th under ressure from the Spanish king Charles V. refuses to meet Henry's request. Although still 1521st by Pope Leo X. received the title † Defender of the Faith † , Henrik decided to ignore papal rejection and January 25 1533rd The arbit rary Marries Anne Boleyn , setting prior to canterburyiJskog Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , who agreed to do a wedding. Papa was soon excommunicated Henry , and this in turn summoned the parliament in which passed the Law on the leadership (the Act of Supremacy in 1 534 . ) , According to which the head of state and church , called the Anglican , is king .After the break with Rome and the independence of the Anglican Church dissolved all monasteries and confiscated their property. Anna Boleyn was pregnant several times, but gave birth to Henry's daughter Elizabeth, instead of so much desired son. Therefore, it is soon due to Henry's favor, since he began to devote all his attention to Jane Seymour, and how he wanted to get a legitimate son had to get a divorce from Anne Boleyn. Thats whay in 1536. she was accused of witchcraft, adultery and incest with her brother, and was convicted and executed by beheading in the same year. o gave a birth to his son Edward 1537th and died twelve days after his birth. Henrik was deeply hurted because he felt of Jane as of his â€Å"only true woman† who gave him desperately desired son and heir. 1540th The Henry remarried, with sister of his ally in conflict with the Pope, the Duke of Cleves, Anne of Cleves. Although it is believed that Ana unattractive, he married her for pragmatic political reasons, but never had any kind of marital relationship and the marriage was annulled on the grounds as never consumed and Ana of Cleves was given the title of the King's sister.Earl of Essex, who arranged the marriage was convicted and executed by beheading. On July 28 . 1540, the same day when Earl of Essex was executed, Henry married Catherine Howard, cousin of Anne Boleyn. In the begining Henry was enthusiastic about her because of her youth (she was barely sixteen). But Catherine soon cheated Henry with a courtier, and the marriage was annulled, and Catherine was executed in February 1542nd at the age of eighteen. Henrik's last w ife was Catherine Parr, rich Protestants who married Henry in 1543. ar and who is responsible for reconciling Henry with his daughters, Mary. and Elizabeth, who earlier marriages canceling their mothers with Henry, were excluded from the succession and are therefore again become possible heir to the English throne. It is assumed, although never proven, that Henry suffered from syphilis, which probably led to his death in the castle Whitehall on January 28 1547. and was succeeded by his son Edward. His life and reign was described by William Shakespeare in his historical drama Henry VIII.

Schistosomes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Schistosomes - Essay Example This article essays the implication of this unique physiological characteristic and its consequences on schistosome life history particularly their faithfulness while choosing a mate. Adult schistosoma lives in the mammalian blood but their life cycle requires a phase of asexual reproduction within a secondary host. The life history of the parasite begins when adult female deposit eggs in the veins surrounding intestine or bladder. The mammal then continues the life cycle by transmitting those eggs through urine or feces. Once in water, the eggs hatch into marcidia, which must find an appropriate snail host. Once inside the snail each marcidium produce several hundreds of carcariea which when released in water seeks the skin of suitable mammals to burrow into. There are many different species of schistosomes of which Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum clinically important parasites that infect humans. Schistosoma haematobium , commonly called urinary schistosomiasis, dwells in the vesical veins surrounding the urinary tract and therefore mammal host usually excretes its eggs in urine. It is found throughout most of Africa and in parts of Wester n Asia. Two species, S. mansoni and S. japonicum cause intestinal schistosomiasis. S. mansoni usually occupies the mesenteric veins around the large intestine,while S. japonicum usually occupies the mesenteric veins around the small intestine. The mammalian host excretes the eggs in feces and continues the life cycle. Figure 1: Life cycle of Schistosoma (Machen, Rogers n.d.) Gonochorism is a reproductive strategy that describes a sexually reproducing species in which there are two distinct sexes. It is a very unique characteristic exhibited by schistosomes and thus this unusual physiological state managed to raise considerable amount of curiosity amongst parasitologists over the past two decades. Loker (2006) in his most recent study has put forward a hypothesis to address the foundattion of schistosome gonochorism. He says that first, schistosomes were derived from hermaphroditic ancestors; second, the potential for gonochorism appeared in the spirorchiids, most notably with Griphobilharzia; and third, 'true gonochorism' appeared when schistosomes invaded their endothermic hosts (birds and mammals). The evolution of separate genders was supposedly beneficial in providing optimal genetic diversity against the sophisticated immune system of warm-blooded vertebrate hosts. Loker (2006) also suggest that the segregation of two genders was determined by the s pecialization of each gender for a limited set of 'domestic task' and this was further backed by the gender associated gene expression profiling study by (Hoffman et al. 2002). It was concluded that males primarily looks after the transportation while females concentrate on egg production. In such an interaction schistosomes, once paired, the male and the female worms remains in this state for a long time and the mating is assumed to be monogamous (Reed 1990). In most of the Schistosomes, pairing is essential for complete female growth and reproductive morphogenesis (Popiel 1986). Figure 2: A typical schistosoma pairing (Beltran 2008, p.2) Kunz (2001) demonstrated that virgin females (one sex females) are considerably smaller than paired females and it is already established that egg laying female

Japanese laws promote the racist treatment and cultural genicided of Essay

Japanese laws promote the racist treatment and cultural genicided of minorities living in Japan - Essay Example Japan’s health insurance and pension laws are designed in such as way that they discriminate against those who are not Japanese citizens or long time Korean residents. The cultural genocide of minority populations in Japan is largely due to ineffective and disorganized bureaucracy, though there are some cases of outright abuse and mistreatment, particularly among migrant workers and those who do not speak the language. There are also cost advantages in not allowing those who are not Japanese residents to receive benefits. Employers must pay into the welfare pension or national pension, matching equally the amounts that employees pay. For some small businesses this is too costly, so paperwork for immigrant workers is never completed. Immigrant workers often receive lower wages, which is also of financial benefit to struggling small and medium size businesses. Though such labor practices are considered illegal, many small businesses take the risks by continuing discriminatory wa ge practices and failing to report all employees Workers who do pay into one of the pension systems must do so for 25 year before they can receive benefits. Those who are displace from their home countries later in life will never receive benefits as elderly citizens.

Facts about Scotland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Facts about Scotland - Research Paper Example This essay analyzes that Scotland has produced several famous personalities, which are related to the creative writing. A few among the well-known names in the literature include James Kelman, AL Kennedy, Janice Galloway, Liz Lochhead, Alisdair Gray, Irvine Welsh, Ian Rankin, Andrew O'Hagan and many others. Most of the business outsource processing jobs have gone to the country as it has around 60,000 employees in almost 300 call centers that cater to businesses of companies like Dell, Direct Line, among others. The oil and gas industry of Scotland supports nearly hundred thousand jobs, spread around 40 countries worldwide, as there are around 2000 service and supply companies related to this trade, internationally. In a report by Financial Times FDI magazine, Scotland was named as the â€Å"UK region of future-2006/7†, while it was listed on the top in human resources, IT and telecom.The country is ranked as a fifth largest financial center for Europe. Royal Bank of Scotland and Halifax Bank of Scotland, headquartered here, has operations worldwide, as they have the reputation of efficient performance, internationally.The aerospace industry in Scotland has almost 10% share of the UK’s aerospace industry, as per the Scottish Survey Report. The aerospace industry in Scotland had a turnover of Pound Sterling 2.1 billion; while Prestwick has a reputation of being the excellent center for maintenance, repairs, and overhaul, as it caters to companies like GE, Goodrich, to name a few.

Accounting for Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting for Manager - Essay Example If the management expects the revenue to be $700000, then it must not accept the proposal of the landlord as this will increase the annual rent payment to $45500 which is more than the fixed annual rent of $40000. The company can accept the order as this will result in a profit of $400000. This is because the fixed costs remain fixed irrespective of the size of production (National Council on Economic Education, n.d.; Mankiw, 2008, P274). If the order size is 12000 units, the company must not accept the offer as this will result in a loss of $492000. The company has to spend an additional amount of $900000 as fixed costs because of an increase in the total capacity. This is because the fixed costs increase with the increase in the total capacity of the business The maximum order size that the company can accept is 100000 units. This is because beyond this capacity the fixed cost of the company doubles. For producing even one unit beyond the total capacity the company has to incur the total amount of fixed expense as this cannot be adjusted with the number of units produced. The costs have been allocated as direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include the cost of materials and labor cost that can be directly related to the product whereas indirect costs are the costs that cannot be directly identified with the product. The costs relating to general services are apportioned based on sales volume and the costs of the computer department are allocated based on the use. From this the operational income of the Tree division has been calculated as $480000. The net investment of the division is $1600000. This gives a return of 30% on the investment. The performance evaluation can be done using Variance analysis, EVA and return earned on investment. To earn profits the business has to be managed efficiently. ROI is an important tool for evaluating the

Sectionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sectionalism - Essay Example They had plantations. These were large family farms that produced tobacco and cotton that relied on cheap labor in the form of slaves which was actually intensified as economic sectionalism grew stronger as well. Both North and South sections tried to have representatives in Congress for them to have the power to pass laws that would benefit their sections. Both wanted to have equal States rights and reasonable government tax on imports or exports. The West was also a section but was not part of the sectional conflict between North and South. However, the presence of the West aggravated their conflict as both sections fought to control the West. The people then moved westward and settled there, of course with the additional struggles faced with the first Indian settlers. They saw the west as an "open land", a free land where new opportunities awaited. As more people moved into the west, they realized how potential the land was which then showed the American development. The presence of fertile soil and flat lands attracted the farmers to Great Plains. The discovery of gold and animals rushed in miners and hunters. The people started to acknowledge that additional development to the land could provide them with lots of money. The settlers then slowly started to develop the land and made it prosperous that appealed to investors. The complexity of city life eventually became simple as people tried to embrace the new culture and economy of the West. There were traders, ranchers, miners and farmers that eventually boost the West economy. The opening of the West was indeed an avenue where people started to have hope, rights and duties in expanding and owning a free land. The opening of the West slowly neutralized the sectional conflict between the North and the South. Slavery, one of the four main issues starts to find its voice and freedom. Slavery was believed to be a sectional trait and since the west did not acknowledge this, slaves were not anymore half-free nor half-slave. They can also enjoy what a free man can. No racial discrimination. Black Americans can as well live and work freely with white Americans. Representation, second issue, the North and South as mentioned above seek representatives that will speak on their behalf and propose laws that will benefit their own sections. This is not the case with the West, as people continue to possess economic power, political power arises as well. As new settlers realized their independency in trading, managing and controlling of their new lands, it was also the beginning of intolerance to the government, the individualism of the people. We are to see here that economic opportunities slowly closed the gap caused by sectionalism; however, it also opened to individualism. Individualism in America has allowed a laxity in regard to governmental affairs which has rendered possible the spoils system and all the manifest evils that follow from the lack of a highly developed civic spirit (Turner). An individualism which made the government out of its function due to the immense success of the West economy that encouraged the people to rule the land expecting limited participation from the government. The individualism made them neglectful on their duties and responsibilities as citizens of America. Looking closely to it, the individualism of the West is as worse as sectionalism. Sectionalism only thinks of its own section while individualism only thinks

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research - Essay Example Therefore the count of blue shirts sold against other colors would be annualized and average taken with the same equation for all other variables.. Median divides the sets of data in half and places half above the median and half below the median while mode pertains to the score that occurs more frequently in a set of data. In each case an entire set of data can be summarized with a single value. There are also three main formulas for the measure of variability and they are Range, Variance and Standard Deviation. Through these measures we can tell how much the data in each set varies. Range measures the distance between the highest and lowest values and gives us an idea of the width of our data set. This is popular although it does not show were the data is grouped in the set. The total amount of variability is taken into account with Variance. To assess the difference in data sets a point needs to be found to which each observation can be compared. As mean takes in every observation in its calculation it would be the best point of comparison. Standard Deviation calculates the square root of a variance. It gives a good measure of variance and shows the average distance each observation is from the

Evaluate the claim that German big business was willingly and Essay

Evaluate the claim that German big business was willingly and profitably cooperated with the Nazi regime in the exploitation of Europe, 1939-45 - Essay Example One of the stronger reactions is given to those companies which are discovered or confess to having links with the Nazi regime and from an examination of historical records as well as various other documents it seems clear that many companies willingly cooperated with the Nazis towards the exploitation of Europe. However, it can be shown that the companies had little interest in ideology or the motives of the Nazis; rather, they were interested in making money since that was their main objective. The economic background of the era is important in this respect because when the Nazis came into power, the economic situation of Germany was disastrous. High unemployment rates meant that the economy was under productive and under pressure. During this time, the economic reorganization of the state was made the responsibility of a respected banker, Hjalmar Schacht. Under his guidance, several changes were made to the economic policy and some of the first economic changes were the elimination of trade unions and establishment of the wage controls in German society (Wikipedia, 2006). These measures certainly helped the business community since trade unions had been able to strike as well as negotiate salaries on a collective basis. Needless to say businesses approved of these ideas and worked hand in hand with the Nazis to improve the economy as Hitler saw fit. The money supply to the economy was expanded with the aid of deficit spending with interest rates held firmly at 4.5%. Shell companies were setup such as the MEFO company which issued bonds but these were actually utilized to hide expenditure on arms which was a violation of the Versailles Treaty (Wikipedia, 2006). The creation of a black market was stopped simply because the Germans could send violators to concentration camps or shot after a summary trial. Imports were limited while exports were expanded leading to an overvalued mark. Despite all of these measures,

Political science- short answers- Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political science- short answers- Africa - Essay Example Structural adjustments directed towards Africa by the IMF, bilateral donors and the World Bank are some of the policies to reach consolidation (Herbst 51). According to Samuel P. Huntington, it is religious and cultural identities that will primarily breed tension and conflict in the world of post- Cold War. Huntington concluded this after surveying various theories relating the mode of global politics. He argued that the idea of different civilizations is key to analyzing the possibility of conflict (Herbst 45). Civilizations differ from each other in terms of language, culture, history, religion and tradition. This has potential for conflict. Huntington gave a memorable slogan regarding Islamic religion which has agitated friction in the western world. It is the â€Å"Islam has bloody borders† slogan that brings fear in his arguments. Huntington concludes that all Asian countries and other Islamic nation are collectively peace haters. The western will come together and consolidate their power to ensure their interests remain. The Islamic nations will too consolidate and challenge the power and values of the West. The western world has had impact great impact in the world civilizations. To remain relevant, they have to consolidate their military power and fight for their interests and values (Herbst 67). According to Huntington, the West plays a critical role in influencing the political and religious institutions in Africa. The West therefore determines the stability and of the social movements activities of these

Ambition in Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and School Ties Essay Example for Free

Ambition in Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and School Ties Essay Ambition: It’s Easy to Dream a Dream, but Much Harder to Live it Napoleon Bonaparte once said: â€Å"Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. It all depends on the principles which direct them. † From this quote, one can see that great ambition is crucial to experience success whether it is achieved in an honest fashion, or a morally questionable one. In the novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (ADK) and the movie School Ties (ST) a strong sense of ambition is one of the driving topics for the plot and the development of many characters. For example, one can see that Duddy will do anything to achieve his dreams, even if that means betraying his friends or taking part in illegal activities. Although the amount of ambition in both works is very prominent, too much ambition can prove to be detrimental in many ways, and it is evident that ambition proves to be more severe in ST because many characters struggled with common morals and were affected by the mental destruction that comes along with too much ambition. In ADK, Duddy proves to be too ambitious for his own good throughout the entire novel, as he cares too much about owning land rather than following morals or obeying the law. Just one of these examples would be when Duddy sells contraband comic books. â€Å"American comic books were beginning to trickle into the city again, and so Duddy was attracted by this new line Barney was picked up by the police and fined. Duddy, unfortunately was caught with a large stack on hand. He took fright and threw them in the furnace. † (Richler 56). This quote shows evidence that Duddy began his overly-ambitious ways at a young age by selling pornographic comic books. Moreover, this proves Napoleon Bonaparte’s quote in that those who are ambitious are willing to commit very good or very bad acts in order to succeed. Similarly, morals are lost in ST as well when Dillon cheats on his history exam, and tells the class that it was David instead of him. â€Å"It wasn’t Connors. †¦] I should have told the truth yesterday. I know who cheated. It was Green. † (Darryl Ponicsan, Dick Wolf). At this point in the movie, it portrays Dillon as the antagonist as he lied to his friends, and cheated on his exam. Since Dillon did this in order to get into Princeton, one can conclude that he did this because he felt like he had no other options. Thus leading the reader to believe that Dillon did this out of ambition, but he let his morals get the better o f him. In this way, ADK is extremely similar to ST in the sense that characters from each text betrayed their friends, and cheated in one way or another in order to succeed. Secondly, Duddy Kravitz can be seen struggling with the mental exhaustion that comes with having too much ambition throughout the novel. An example of this is when he has a small breakdown just after he loses all of his money by playing roulette. â€Å"Duddy was seized by an uncontrollable fit of laughter. He rolled over in the grass, biting his arm to muffle the noise†¦ Three times he stopped, his laughter immense. The thought of them searching for him all through the night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Richler 90. ) This quote gives evidence that Duddy was so blinded by his ambition that he has fits of laughter over the fact that he lost all of his money. Moreover, this proves that Duddy’s mental health has diminished because he doesn’t care about the fact that the employees at the lodge are sincerely worried as they search for him. Similarly, mental destruction due to ambition is portrayed in ST as well during the scene where McGivern is so upset about his teacher insulting him in French class that he sneaks into the classroom that night in order to repeat his recitation to himself while his friends are looking for him around campus. McGivern is so distraught about this presentation that he ends up getting taken away in an ambulance at the end of the night. Although the way that mental destruction is shown in ST is slightly different than in ADK, they are very alike because both mental breakdowns by the characters are brought on through their ambitions to succeed. In conclusion, mental destruction and the loss of morals from being too ambitious are evident in both novels, but it is more severe in ST because multiple characters suffer in different ways, whereas Duddy is the only character that struggles significantly with his ambitions. Ultimately, being ambitious is a great trait because it builds character, but becoming too ambitious can harm an individual in more ways than one. So, how ambitious are you?

Inequalities Within Healthcare Interactions in New Zealand

Inequalities Within Healthcare Interactions in New Zealand KENT JOSEPH PACA INTRODUCTION Inequality is commonly defined as the quality or condition of being relatively unequal and basically there is imbalance or disparity within the circumstance. In the healthcare setting, there are several factors to consider in order for every individual to attain wellness, demonstrate the acquisition and promotion of holistic well-being on all aspect of human life such as physical, social, psychological and spiritual. Knowingly, disparities within healthcare could greatly affect and a considerable factor for it to be a hindrance towards achieving optimum health through all individual. Considering that New Zealand is a multi-cultural country in which the most percentage of its population are immigrant people from all over the world with different ethnic identity, cultural orientation, religion and outlook in life towards healthcare whom each one of these individual most likely are concern with their health status and well-being. These differences are important areas needed to be taken into great consideration as it would probably have a huge impact towards the issue of inequality with regards to healthcare interactions. In this paper, common inequality issues in healthcare interaction being experienced by every pacific islanders, Maori people and immigrants in New Zealand will be provided with interventions and resolutions to somehow reduce inequality and further promote equality among every individual living in this country. BODY In New Zealand, one important dimension of inequality regarding health promotion and any other healthcare situations is ethnic identity considering its differences when it comes to health beliefs, knowledge and ideas regarding improvement of health. It is a proven fact that every individual has his/her right to health, he/she has the right to acquire full healthcare access and quality services and most importantly has the right to have proper information and be given the knowledge and ideas regarding prevention of illness thus promote wellness within oneself. But because of the one determinant to health considered as a barrier for people achieving good health which is communication and professional interaction among healthcare providers to their clients, disparity or unequal treatment are being experience to most people living in this country especially among the pacific islanders and Maori people. Despite the fact that technology is proven to be adequate in terms of resources and fu nding are provided to every individual, the issue of inequality still linger and must be taken seriously as a problem towards achieving optimum health. Inequality in healthcare interaction could widely be affected looking into a person’s socio-economic status and its stability in life. It is a proven fact that inequality roughly limits the opportunities of an individual’s full potential and its capabilities. That is the reason why equality is desirable. With people having a less outlook towards good health and negative perception on it, this could probably affect its concern towards proper well-being. In fact most people having this negative outlook towards health are those individual who are unfortunate enough in terms of socioeconomic status because this will hinder the proper accumulation of the right pattern towards acquisition of equality towards health. These people because of their stability status mostly didn’t have the proper education thus the knowledge and accurate ideas towards prevention of illness, promoting of good health are not properly sustained. Almost all people especially individual living in New Zealand have different outlook towards health. Maori people have their own health beliefs as well as other ethnic people living in this country. These factors are often referred as determinants to health which greatly affect the quality of healthcare for the people. Factors are categorized into two (2); unchangeable and changeable factors. The unchangeable factor refers to the hereditary implications, age and sex to the Maori and pacific islanders in which most of these are growing into an obese individual without any care and concern regarding their dietary intake. Through this factor these individual should be provided with the right information and knowledge regarding the benefit of having a good and balance health condition. Also, they should be given an input on the consequences of having too much of everything especially with their dietary consumption. The changeable factor that would be the most important factor in order fo r this determinant of health to be regulated consists of; Individual lifestyle, social and community influences and working condition. These changeable factors determine an individual’s way of life, on how they survive on a daily basis and its influences socially and in the community. To be specific individual lifestyle of most Maori individual often times associate oneself to daily vices such as the use of prohibited drugs, commonly most of them use cigarette as part of their vices as maybe being influence by their older relatives and ancestors. All of this conditions and factors are negative impacts towards health promotion and such actions on the latter part of life could greatly affect health status of an individual thus consequences of having these vices which are contributing factors leading to bad health behaviour will conclude one’s life if not being manage properly and implementations of reducing such doings will not be applied. Another vital component which plays a role in determining health outcomes is the social environment. The impact of the social environment on health can be seen in the extremely powerful and enduring relationship between health and social and economic inequalities (Dew and Kirkman 2002). The environment surrounding an individual and its social interaction plays a vital role and demonstrate an impact can have on people and their health outcomes. An area that is considered to be a high risk for diseases and infection could be a threatening environment for individual living in the place and somehow promotion of good health outcomes to the people will outweigh the brighter side of its objectives. Most Maori people and other ethnic groups living in New Zealand have different perspective in life concerning health outcomes with most of them rely on their health beliefs in managing health. It is also a concern to some of these people of being non-compliant to treatment plan despite the fact o f having all the access towards quality service of healthcare being provided by the New Zealand government. This attitudes could also somehow are in connection to influential attributes from their ancestors regarding health issues and how to manage such health condition leading to ineffective and disparity towards health. According to the New Zealand Ministry of Health in reducing health inequalities they have provided a framework that entails an implementing and widely comprehensive strategies that will help in overcoming such inequalities in healthcare in this country. They have also proposed some principles for every activity needed to be implemented for inequality issues to be taken into consideration. The proposed framework made by the ministry of health developed four (4) levels in which they foresee these strategies would be beneficial in overcoming inequalities of healthcare. The first level of the strategy is the Structural level. In this strategy the healthcare organization as well as the ministry of health determines the root cause of every inequality experienced by every people in New Zealand. Inequality with regards to socio-economic, ethnical, cultural beliefs and other factors that affects health outcomes are being considered as determinant factors then through these factors planning fo r the implementation will be based on the given and factors being distinguished. Secondly, are the intermediary pathways which target every material, tool needed that intervene every impact that affects health. Next is Health and disability services in which we all know that here in New Zealand policy regarding disability issues are being made in order to compensate every disabled individual in the country. In this way it also promotes equality of healthcare being provided to every individual living in New Zealand especially to individual with disability to Pacific Islander and Maori people. The government promoted different policy on the issue to disability thus giving every individual regardless to its culture, race and ethnicity the rights to live with great lives despite their condition. The last level of strategy to help reduce inequality to healthcare is the Impact. Minimising the impacts or every determinant of healthcare outcomes, disability and illnesses will greatly improv e the quality of life and further develop and promote equality of healthcare. Another factor that influences the reduction of inequality on healthcare is the current implementation of Partnership within New Zealand. This partnership was first represented way back the year 1840 where the signing of partnership Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) took place. During the sequence of events the Maori people’s leaders signed the treaty that enable the British people take authority of the native lands and resources in accordance and in return the Maori people are guaranteed the full right and ownership of their lands and that they will provide security and development to every resources. Maori people are also given the right and privilege to all British subjects. In this recent time, New Zealand is aiming to the principles of partnership; participation and protection for the people of New Zealand attain equality especially in response to Healthcare delivery system. The New Zealand government fully ensure its commitment to good relationship and bond with other Non-government organization (NGO) or the community sector and in partnership with international healthcare organization in the development and promotion of good health for their people. They tend to adhere on policy to better promote social inclusion of its people thus law-making body provide ideas and knowledge to implement growing strategies and methods for social change on the behaviour of every individual leading to improvement and lifestyle modification aiming for community development. One objective of the ministry of health in New Zealand is to promote people’s rights. This includes the full right of gaining access towards quality healthcare, the provision of the ideas and knowledge pertaining health issues must be provided to every individual seeking medical management. Respect is a value also being emphasized for every individual in the country knowing its multi cultural and diversity among people living in the country. It is known that with different culture a nd religion along with it are different beliefs from its religion regarding health but through respecting their own beliefs and take consideration, embracing their way of managing health issues could also be a significant area to reduce inequality of healthcare interaction. People in the healthcare sector should also take full consideration that New Zealand is a melting pot for immigrants with different races and ethnicity. Having a little bit of idea regarding their culture, beliefs and practices is one way of trying to respect them. Healthcare providers should not be complacent in providing quality care basing on their nationality because in providing an equal care to individual is regardless if a person is black or white. And it is important that holistic care should be an important value in the promotion of wellness to every people. CONCLUSION As all things being considered, disparity and inequality in Healthcare especially the interaction between people living in New Zealand could somehow can be greatly discuss as it becomes an issue in healthcare that needs to be given implementation for it to be intervene and promote equality within the promotion and achievement of well-being to every individual in New Zealand. Knowingly, New Zealand is a country recognised to be a melting pot of ethnic group, races and different people living in. With cultural differences in a country it is prominent to have difficulties in terms of interaction to people especially in the healthcare setting. The value of partnership and respect to all rights of individual in New Zealand are values and tool in which inequality issue can be address and resolve. Predominantly, inequality is one of the common issue being experienced by people especially immigrants, Pacific Islanders and Maori people living in New Zealand but nonetheless, the government is taking action and promote strategies overcoming this issues and making this one of their priority concern. Although this will be for a long term process for it to be fully implemented and shows good result regarding the reduction of such barrier of healthcare outcome but still actions were already implemented and every strategy and plans are widely considered for the better of every individual in New Zealand. Several policy regarding promotion of health are made by the New Zealand Ministry of Health in response to quality delivery of the Healthcare system and development towards healthcare such as the Policy for Health management to Maori people and Disability policy to provide care and associate every disabled individual to the community and giving them equal rights to every person in the country. This group of individual are in need of equal treatment and access to healthcare and through this policies they are given the opportunity to achieve and promote wellness despite the condition they are having. REFERENCE Electronic References: He Korowai Oranga | Ministry of Health NZ. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/he-korowai-oranga DHB MÄ ori Health Plans and Health Needs Assessments | Ministry of Health NZ. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/dhb-maori-health-plans-and-health-needs-assessments Health and Pacific Peoples in New Zealand. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/pacific-progress-health/influences-on-health-well-being.aspx The Treaty in brief The Treaty in brief | NZHistory, New Zealand history online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/the-treaty-in-brief Journal References: Adams,J., Witten,K., Conway,K. (2009). Community development as health promotion: evaluating a complex locality-based project in New Zealand.Community Development Journal. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsm049 Harris,R., Tobias,M., Jeffreys,M., Waldegrave,K., Karlsen,S., Nazroo,J. (2006). Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand.Social Science Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.009 Ajwani, S., T. Blakely, B. Robson, M. Tobias and M. Bonne (2003) Decadesof Disparity: Ethnic Mortality Trends in New Zealand 1980–1999, Ministry of Health and University of Otago, Wellington. Matheson,A. (2005). Engaging Communities to Reduce Health Inequalities: Why Partnership?

What factors influence the onset of drug addiction?

What factors influence the onset of drug addiction? Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset Introduction: The purpose of the study is to indicate the factors that are suspected to be affecting children for drug abuse. The author Zimic and Jukic have concluded their work Familial Risk Factors Drug Addiction Onset which is a sound research based on a sample of 146 addicts and 134 control subjects. The hypothesis of the study is drug addiction might surely be seen from parental standpoint. The hypothesis is taken on the basis of past results, different case studies, and research papers on the subject of drug addiction. The authors seem to have biased thinking towards drug addiction related with parents and the child’s upbringing. Though there is a direct relation between a child and parents but it is not certain that they are the reason for this drug abuse. The paper, however, discusses very little about other factors including peer groups, friends, social environment and other factors. According to the authors, drug addiction is most prone to children in their teen age for which surveillance from parents is much required in order to have a look at their daily routine, the friendships they have, and relations with the people surrounding their children (Zimic and Jukic, 2012). The behavior of overlooking a child in the teen age causes serious troubles to let them astray from their supposed pattern of life, a happy and healthy life, to a drug addicted life which remains for lifetime. These are the factors, the major points and real time facts which have been discussed in the study along with the familial factor that, according to authors, make drug addiction more stream line for a child who doesn’t have enough knowledge for outside world in the teen age. Methods: The study was conducted in time interval from 2008 to 2009 in which they took a sample of drug addicts and normal (non-drug addict) people from the population. The total number of drug addicts was 146 in which there we 92 men, 51 women and 3 other people who didn’t specify their gender but their age was between 18 and 46 years. The survey was done using questionnaire, having around 67 different variables involved in the questions. This study was taken while the addicts were undergoing through the recovery process in different psychiatrist hospitals. The sample for control group or the normal group had a total of 134 people of which 88 were men, 45 were females and 1 of the 134 people didn’t specify the gender but the age of that individual was between 17 and 44 years of age. The study is pure quantitative in nature and is experimental since individuals from both the groups are being tested using questionnaires, asking their school background, age, sex, place of birth, place of birth and more such questions that the researchers found important to consider so that they may have complete insight of the subjects. Though the questions asked were qualitative because of the fact that additional information regarding the background of the subjects was needed. The questions comprised of open ended and closed ended questions and also had given the subjects with an option â€Å"other† so that if they had any other answer to the question, they could put that in the â€Å"other† option. The purpose for this additional option was to have complete knowledge of the subject without missing any single piece of information. The questionnaire were given to the subjects in hand rather using any other medium such as mail or email. Open-ended questions were analy zed by the researchers categorizing them as either positive, negative, or neutral. Statistical software, SPSS, was used to analyze the research questions and get more appropriate findings. The procedures chosen for the research were valid, appropriate and accurate enough to achieve suitable results, those which were statistically right. Ethical Aspects: The researcher took into account all aspects of ethics and other factors that should be taken care of while performing a research on such sensitive cases where medical teams, hospitalized patients; more importantly patients those who have imbalances psychologically are involved. The ethical criteria were fulfilled before performing the research. The approval was taken by the research team from Board of Ethics of University Medicine in Zagreb and Board of Ethics of Hospital Vrapce and Clinical Hospital Sister of Mercy. The research team did not only fulfilled this aspect of ethical moralities but also attached cover letters with the questionnaires to all the subjects that explained the purpose of the study. They took the information from the subjects after providing a notice to all the subjects that the information provided will be held hundred percent confidential and this the reason why the questionnaire did not have questions such as name, date of birth and like. Results: The results of this study were taken out in several categories and in different aspects of the subject’s information received. In the familial sociodemographic feature aspect, the researchers did not find any statistically sound differences such as the subjects mostly came from three-five members family, they were firstborns among the siblings and like. The only difference in this aspects was found in the parent’s marital status. In the familial development feature aspect, significant differences were recorded in further several aspects such as: separation of parents before the age of seven, parental divodrce or death of one of parents in early childhood or adolescence, psychological stress or trauma experienced in the life, parental surveillance, and parental support. In the familial interaction features aspect the results were more intense and shocking differences were found between the two samples. The results for this aspect were taken further in to: Unfavorable emo tional relationship with the parents, especially with the father throughout the childhood and adolescence. People from addicts had favored their mothers when they were asked to choose from their father and mother for emotional attachment. Most of the non-addict subjects also favored their mothers over fathers when asked for attentiveness of their parents. The results showed that addicts had more intense and distant relationship with their fathers because of the fact lack of appropriate communication in the early childhood. Even in the case of lack of communication with the mother, the subjects favored their mothers to have better level of understanding and that the mothers were more caring and attentive towards their child than fathers. The results also concluded that addicts were of the view that the decision-making at home were eventually made by their fathers while mothers were given less or no chance to make decisions. While on the other hand, the control group had a different point of view. The results showed that the control group had answered in the favor of both the parents that the decision is made considering the point of view of the parents. In the familial sociological features aspect, results showed huge differences between the two subject samples. Discussion and Conclusion: The study was taken out in the normal environment without the subjects knowing that they were being experimented. The research outcomes suggest that early childhood relationships with parents, especially with the father had more adverse effects on the lives of their children. The results showed the statistically proven, the addicts had more complaints regarding their father’s attitude and lack of attentiveness and emotion intent during their childhood and adolescence which eventually resulted in non-compliance to surveillance during the teen age, emotional relationship, and openness to freedom of speech. The addicts who were sampled were more inclined towards their mothers than fathers because of their caring attitude, level of interest in the child and degree of emotional intent. On the other hand, the control group had more of a balanced relationship between their parents, they said that they had better understanding between them, more balanced decision-making right and that they were taken care from both almost equally. Other reasons for drug addiction were the past experiences, stress, trauma or any unsuitable event that had jolted the addicts. People who were exposed to war environment in their lives, had more trauma and stress level ultimately ending up in the shape of drug addiction. The study also discussed the parental differences, the divorce, deceased and single parent factor which had direct impact on their children. The study had more appropriate results and the tests performed were statistically sound which gave the results more close to reality. Parents do have direct impact on their children and the upbringing of a child significantly matters for the rest of their lives. Parents who oversee their children actually put them in trouble later, sometime, in their lives. To save the lives of their children from drug addiction, parents do have to play a vital role from the day a child is born till, at least, the teen age and proper surveillance be made in order to get the insights of the daily routine of their child. A child learns from their parents, so this comes on to the parents who can make a life or break it. References: ZimiĆ¡, J. I., JukiĆ¡, V. (2012). Familial risk factors favoring drug addiction onset. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 44(2), 173-185.

Why People Cannot Ask For Help Essay examples -- Asking For Help

It can be seen all around us. It may, in fact, affect a good number of us. What is affecting so many people is something called the wall of pride. start to build this wall once they turn into adolescents. The wall of pride is nearly indestructible and many problems. Some people build their wall so high that they are no longer able to ask for help and that can be destructive. The unavoidable truth is that everybody needs help at some point in his or her life. What makes some people refrain from asking for it? . It can be seen in many TV shows, movies, or books. . My own mother has had experience with this strange stereotype. When I interviewed her she said that one notable experience stood out from the many. This event happened a couple of years ago when my family was driving back from Colorado. She said that we were on our way back and my dad wanted to stop at a nursing home to visit his grandma. Now, this nursing home was in the middle of nowhere, Nebraska. After visiting, my mom asked my dad if he needed any help getting back onto the road. My dad took offence that my mom thought that he did not know where he was going. My mom said that he would not listen to her or look at a map. He said that he grew up going to visit his grandma and knew exactly where to go. My mom said that she gave up trying to help and started to read her book. A few hours later, my mom asked if he needed any help because we were still not on the highway. My dad said that he might have taken a wrong turn Kansas. This was a time before smart phones and GPS. My mom said that we had to find a rest stop and buy a map in order to get back onto the correct highway. When I asked if he listens better now, my mom said that my dad still does not like to ge... ...rove as a society until we can learn our weaknesses and rely on others for help to broaden our overall knowledge. Only when we reach that point will the wall of pride be desolated. Works Cited â€Å"Asking For Help†. Personal Experiment. Ed. Kim Geis. 7-19 Nov. 2013. Fallows, Deborah. "The Internet and Daily Life." Pewinternet.org. Pew Internet, 11 Aug. 2004. Web.10 Dec.2013. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay, 2002. Print. Geis, Kim. â€Å"Student Survey.† Survey. 12 Dec. 2013. Geis, Teri. Personal interview. 11 Dec. 2013. Mayerowitz, Scott. "Male Drivers Lost Longer Than Women." ABC News. ABC News Network, 26 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Seidman, Dr. Daniel. "Men and Asking for Help." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 08 Dec. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.

Baby Eulogy Essay -- essays research papers

Dear Baby, A thousand questions flooded my mind that difficult Friday morning. As I ran my fingers through your hair and kissed you good bye, I wondered: Why? Why? Why? How can this happen? How could we be asked to endure such pain again? How could such a beautiful baby be taken from us? and? Why didn?t we have more time? It took a while for me to stop thinking about us or should I say me and start thinking about you, but once I did it is the last question that I pondered longest. "Why didn't we have more time?" I wanted to understand so I went to the dictionary and found that Webster?s had no less than 29 definitions for this tiny word, time. I looked on-line and found self help books that said I could manage it better and scientists who posted things regardi... Baby Eulogy Essay -- essays research papers Dear Baby, A thousand questions flooded my mind that difficult Friday morning. As I ran my fingers through your hair and kissed you good bye, I wondered: Why? Why? Why? How can this happen? How could we be asked to endure such pain again? How could such a beautiful baby be taken from us? and? Why didn?t we have more time? It took a while for me to stop thinking about us or should I say me and start thinking about you, but once I did it is the last question that I pondered longest. "Why didn't we have more time?" I wanted to understand so I went to the dictionary and found that Webster?s had no less than 29 definitions for this tiny word, time. I looked on-line and found self help books that said I could manage it better and scientists who posted things regardi...

Food Availability Essay

This essay will consider the influence of historical and contemporary factors on such staple food as ‘’rice’’. The historical factors that have influence the ability of rice include migration of cultural groups, cash crop farming and farming technology. The contemporary changes of rice will include social, technology, political and economic. Before the Europeans arrived, Australian Aborigines people used hunting and gathering methods to collect food. Native foods were being known such as plants, animals and insects. Firstly, one of the most important historical factors that have influence the ability of rice is migration. Rice was introduced after Australia started to accept migrants from Asia. When people move from one country to another they bring the knowledge ‘’food’’ that they had with them. Therefore, rice has become popular because it is easily steamed or boiled and is eaten at all meals. For example, most migrants are not first generation. The family influence had taught the young family members the culture and beliefs about rice such as how to cook and eat. Secondly, cash crop farming is a type of farming for the purpose of making profit. A transnational company is a large company whose business dealings operate in many counties. Local people work the land and receive an income. For example, the famers will get a higher paid to grow things on the farm that being requested by the companies but the disadvantage is its high to start but then de-values. So, the lack of rice had been struggling in Australia. Thirdly, farming technology. Rice is a very hard staple food because it takes about 2-3 months to grow. Farmers used to use animals such as buffaloes or cows to help them farm. It’s tiring and uses lots of energy but it’s still convenience for people every day needs. Nowadays, Developed countries like Australia uses the knowledge of food production and processing to help to increase the availability of food. Social is influences by society which means that the variety of people inspire what we eat. We are now more understanding of the cultures and lifestyles as we are living in a multicultural world. Australian started to get to know more foods such as Asian, Italian, Mexican, etc†¦ For example, we all know that Asian countries such as China have rice for their everyday meals. We also know that rice goes with every meals and can be eaten with soup and people influence this to one to another. In addition, technology influences microwaves and rice-cookers which mean that we are being able to cook rice faster and easier. For example, you can go out to buy a package of frozen rice and microwaved it for 3 minutes or you can use a rice cooker to cook by putting your rice in and press start. As there are many choices you can keep it warm for a very long hours, non-sticky rice or quick cook. It saves time and labour. Where we look back 200 years ago, we did not have the ability to cook rice like the new technology. Plus, Marketplace is where consumers purchase rice from. The accessibility has been changed because we are able to plant rice ourselves. We have a choice to purchase such as online payments, shopping under one roof and the stores are located most of the places. Also, it’s cheaper than importing rice from overseas. Moreover, the political is a system of government in a country. The Australian government has a protection policy and a control on food imports of foreign products to achieve the goal. The government decides whether to let where rice imported from. For example, back in time, we were not able to import rice into our country because of our restrictions and low economic. To sum up, Economics of food means that people have money to buy food. Without money developing countries won’t have food available. But because we are living in a developed country we are able to have a high living standard compared to the poor countries. Rice is cheap in Australia therefore the lower the prices are the most people tend to spend the money. This money will be recycling. In conclusion, the influence of historical and contemporary factors on a staple food ‘’rice’’ that I’ve made above such as migrants, farming technology, cash crops, social, and technology, political and economic had changed Australia rapidly.

Business in India Essay

In order to do production line concern in India, it is necessary curb that the championship is differentiate under the required procedures and regulations of industrial undertaking. The goods to be manufactured should fall within independenced, relicensed or small scale sector. A license allows a play along to use the post of the licensor. The properties could either be intangible items corresponding trademarks, patent rights and production techniques. To get the license, wholeness is required to fill an application with the Ministry of Industry. first a lodge in India for the aforementioned(prenominal) involves assessing the commercial opportunity for self, managing business, obtaining legal requirements, money, business premises, obtaining workers and developing the marketing schemes for the products to be produced and the work to be offered.In this case Roger smith at Prime Pumps has suggested that Maddock Inc and Governor Inc wear the Indian market as a joint ven ture. It lead be a great psyche to take since a joint venture business has the gain of sharing risks, sharing of technology to increment and improve production and it is possible to aline to governments regulations. Also, in a joint venture business internationally, on that point argon quick political connections and diffusion channels. Having done business together, it representation that the 2 business associates impart experience the converging of their strategic goals while diverging their hawkish goal. In this they will only engage to improve their business by influencing market power and learning from one some new(prenominal) while restraining admittance to their personal proprietorship skills.Advantages of early entry into a impertinent market The company enjoys monopoly since there could be no other companies producing the same products. This increases the shekels and hence the company can lucubrate its operations in a very short time limit. A company e njoys reduced labor cost as there are no other firms to compete with in determining lease packages. The workers will not keep up options to necessitate which companies to work for in regard to the turn over accorded. Ability to secure a liberal market in the absence of other competing companies hence increased sales will be experienced.Disadvantages of early entry into a overseas market Lack of disceptation could lead to poor production flavour of goods or services that a company is dealing with. Poor quality goods could set up a health hazard berth to the consumer and this could as well lead to a crisis in the economy A company capacity not have the power to endure the government when its operational alone in a foreign market pertaining the rights of foreign companies and this could cause oppression on the grimace of the company for lack of bargaining power. jibe should be careful to consider what the targets are for the business to be set up in India, where to locat e the business and the vogue in which it should be established. He should portray how ready is the business to give buttocks to the community in terms of employing the local anesthetic citizens in India, producing quality services and products. They should also investigate and learn the interests and requirements of the people of India and offer up possible solutions to the same. mother fucker will have to estimate the potential correctly to subjugate underestimation of Indias complexity or overestimation of the probabilities in India. Overestimation or Underestimation may lead to sorrow and it is necessary to give a imputable consideration to the factor of the inherent difficulties and uncertainties of operating in the Indian system. It is worth noting that India is has a large economy in the arena and it offers high prospects for development in a good deal all areas of business. Also the inefficient bureaucracy of the Indian government is moving easily which calls for re forms.Since Melanie has limited familiarity regarding international law, it will not be appropriate for Peter to share with her what other companions have suggested because she big businessman not even understand. Lack of knowledge on international law means that Melanie will not have an idea of how to deal with any occurrence in the international field.ConclusionFor a business to thrive in a foreign country, the owners should ensure that they comply with federal regulations so that there will be a smooth running of the business without preventive from the local authorities. For the joint venture business, the partners should hall up the partnership deed to ensure they conduct themselves as per the requirements. It is important that various(prenominal) also have a ecumenic knowledge of international law and business operations to avoid any inconveniences.

Mental Health Self Reflection Assignment Essay

IntroductionAlthough theoretical preparation cl archaeozoic is grave, in that respect is no substitute for the learning that takes place during clinical experiences. clinical experience is acknowlight-emitting diodeged as creation the core of treat education. As nursing assimilator without previews experience in intellectual health, I was reflecting the analogous attitude held by general public that mentally ill enduring role are dangerous, pr ace to violence, unpredictable, and to somewhat degree responsible for their illnesses. Also, at the beginning of the semester, I felt unprepared, keen and stressed before head capture mental health clinical scarcely when the corroboratory relationships with clinical staff gave me confidence and increased my enjoyment with the clinical experience. However, I found that over the descent of the clinical experience and through observation and quick participation that I inducted public opinion less anxious and more satisf means y interacting with the patients in the induction.NarrativeThe few first clinical days, I was cautionful to be around patients suffering mental illness such as foreboding disorder, mood disorder, psycho disorder, personality disorder and so on. I felt that one of those patient may smack me or ca-ca me , particularly that on the first day of clinical one of the patient in the facility was compensate on the back of one the bookman sniffing on her hair. After date in the facility, I start feeling a little more comfortable around the patient. Then a different fear start, which is how to pick the adjust words in the right side .for instance, a hallucinating patient start making a story from the picture of the celebrities on the magazines on the table of the lunch room, at that time I felt that my theoretical learning would non help me on how to communicate with this patient. So, my only election was to keep auditory sense to him, show interest in his stories and give little to no feedback by lachrymose my head as I did understand the assailable of the conversation.Furthermore, many times I felt that I had become very(prenominal) emotional and had empathy toward young girlspatients especially those who got physically or sexually assaulted by keep mum family member. For example, a teenage girl who was sexually assaulted by her grand spawn and what worsen the situation that her m other(a) knows but she didnt do anything to help her. Also, another situation where a young female women in her early twenties had made many attempt to confide suicide.As a result of absent family support by and by her mother passed away when she was 15 years old, her father urinate another family in Japan and she was sexually abused by her own brother. As a woman and a mother of two girls, I felt that I rear endnot stand those kinds of situations where I had to be very careful, patient and cautious all at one time.However as check student, I was trying hard to separate between my feeling and clinical scope and to keep acting and responding to patient in an appropriate maestro way. Clinical setting was a great learning experience for me as I got to see how mentally ill patient in the real world instead of a bunch of descriptive words in the psychological science book. For example spend P diagnosis was psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. I was very impressed to see this patient bizarre behaviors during a ten minutes team meeting in which the patient flip from showing a industrial-strength personality at the beginning, to an angry person in a few minutes later, to be an actor ,then muzzle then cry then laugh again in such a light period of time. Moreover, I felt that the nurses and staff provided to me and other students a welcoming and relaxed atmosphere by answering our questions, allowing us to join staff meeting and assemblage therapy and counseling. In my opinion, the stuff attitude toward student is an im portant component in creating a positive clinical experience.Literature reviewThese negative and stigmatizing attitudes seem to be more prevalent at the begening of the nursing design with more positive attitudes reported by students in their final year of training (McCann et al., 2010, p. 34) these attitudes appear to pitch a significant influence on nursing students career choices. However, orientation to the clinical areas should not only familiarize students to the physical environment and policies and procedures relevant to the clinical setting, but also must acknowledge students anxiety and offer students strategies to address this. The lack of experience contributes to student stress in clinical practice and can leadto nursing students existence confused close their roles (Grav, Juul, & Hellzen, 2010). AS a result, students often demonstrate a lack of confidence and a sense of inadequacy with their role of therapeutic interaction.Therefore, clinical staff and nurse educa tors fate to be effective in anticipating and alleviating clinical stress for students. It is important that educators encourage students to advocate the people they are workings with, but to do this, students need support. Emotional support is identified as being an important component of the role of both the clinical mentor/preceptor and the academic lecturer/ instructor (Koskinen et al.,2011). However, with appropriate support nursing students will modernise in skills, knowledge and confidence throughout their clinical experience.ConclusionThrough the clinical experience, I devote learned something new about myself. I have learned basic counseling skills by listening to the patient, identifying potential problems, empathizing with him and providing basic care to prevent barely problem. I didnt know that with just a few simple words of encouragement and empathy, it could occupy and calm a mentally ill patient. confabulation can make the patient, feel relaxed and cheerful. For example Miss H end up in the facility as a result of an attempt to sacrifice suicide.In addition to medication, one to one therapy and root word therapy helped Miss H to look at the reasons and causes which led her to find life meaningless and thinking of finis as an escape. Finally, I have learned that back up recovery requires a cultural awareness introduce in the vision of values and trust (NHS, Scotland, 2011). Therefore, this working relationship to recovery is a very worthful process which puts the responsibility on promoting personal and professional growth and understanding. To conclude, I hope to improve advertise in my psychosocial and counseling skills as I lead my journey in nursing.ReferencesReferences Koskinen, L., Mikkonen, I., & Jokinen, P. (2011). instruction from the world of mental health care nursing students narratives. Journal of psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, 18(7), 622-628. doi 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01711.xNHS Scotland, (2010) An Evaluati on of the encounter of the Dissemination of Educational Resources to Support Values-Based and Recovery-Focused Recovery Learning Materials. McCann, T., Clark, E., & Lu, S. (2010). Bachelor of Nursing students career choices A trine year longitudinal study. Nurse Education Today, 30(1), 31-36. Grav, S., Juul, E. M. L., & Hellzen, O. (2010). undergrad nursing student experiences of their mental health clinical placement. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research & Clinical Studies / Vrd i Norden, 30(1), 4-8.