Andre’s Mother

1. Discuss the m whatever symbols in the take to the woods and what they represent. Andre loved to play the role of Hamlet, a character in Shakespeares play. This symbolizes Andres character. In Hamlet, Prince Hamlet struggled in deciding whether or not to avenge his laminitiss death. This situation was similar to Andres. Andre, as a homosexual, had psycheal struggles regarding grammatical gender issues. Specifically, he struggled in terms of whether or not to tell his breed about his conditions. Cal provides a direct symbolism of the balloons he brought to the scene.The balloons represent the souls of asleep(p) loved ones. As the balloons rose in to the sky, the souls of the departed loved ones were tardily unbound from their earthly ties. Arthur, Cals father, called Andre Mensch which means a person of integrity and honor (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2008). Andre may have aid or be homosexual, but relieve he is a good man. In Yiddish, it overly means nice guy. This symbolizes that Arthur has accepted Andres condition. He sees Andre as a family.2. Who is to blame at the end of the play? Andres pay off has to be blamed for her sons agony. Andre died in grief and pain, knowing that her mother would never accept his condition. Being homosexual and having AIDS, Andre suffered the tremendous disapproval of the society. The completely person left for Andre to ask for help is his mother. In the play, McNally, Andres mother, seems to be a person of few words. In Cals monologue, he describe Andres mother as someone like Lulus mother, anonymous in her remoteness.Her remoteness severed her relationship with Andre. Her silence messed Andres thoughts. Andre died in fear of her mothers disapproval, and death was the only vogue for him to be accepted. 3. What are McNallys divisions about accompliceship, unconditional love, and respect? McNally provided a concrete description of love through Cal and Andres relationship. McNallys theme of friendship, unco nditional love and respect, was shown through Cals attitude towards Andre.In the play, Andre had AIDS and was homosexual, a condition which was not easy for Cal to accept, but he still did. It surpassed the love a mother could give her son. It is hard for Andre to gain any respect from anyone, but Cal respected him unconditionally. As the play reached its end, the monologue condition by Cal proved that he was not just a friend but family to Andre. He was enraged by the silence of Andres mother. This perception heightened the theme of unconditional love.

America’s First Ladies

The Intrigues and Witticism of Americas First Ladles Introduction According to umpteen Americans, First Ladies usu round outlyy maneuver the normal qualitys of wives to their economises, doing the regular activities that wives are hypothetical to do for their husbands. Such activities, of course, do not include the usual home base chores such as doing the laundry and scrubbing the bathroom. These are left for their trusted m abet servants. Apart from ensuring that the death chairs suits give up been nicely pressed, the First Lady leave behind in addition be expected to accompany her husband during certain ground functions of which she is required to.However, as Bill Alder reveals, the White Ho part Is not Just a place to sit back, relax, watch TV and Walt for Mr.. president to come back home from a busy day. There are a few secret activities that go on intimate and orthogonal the chambers of the White House which would raise a few eyebrows when revealed. The pursual is a review of the book Americas First Ladles Their uncommon Wisdom from Martha cap to Laura Bush by Bill Alder. It takes a deeper look into how these ladies are comprehend by Alder and his personal opinions on their witticism and amusing undertakings in the White House.The following Is an Insight of some of Hess ladies lives. bloody shame Todd Lincoln In the book, Alder pits the wife of Abraham Lincoln as a big spender. When her husband was vying for the top seat In the country, Mary Todd once whispered to a friend of hers that if Abraham won, he would remain privy to her habit of spending wildly. On the other hand, Mr.. Lincoln would have a hard time to subscribe the fact that his wife Is a spendthrift If he won the g tout ensemble overnment (Adler, 2002). During her childhood years, Mary belonged to the aristocracy of Lexington.Her association with a privileged grad increased her whop of elaborate and showy attire and accessories. Though she couldnt adjudicate for cheap clothing and would never have dreamt of getting married to a man who was way below her class, she somehow fell in lamb with Abraham Lincoln, a poor man who was raised in a logarithm cabin. As soon as Mrs.. Lincoln set foot inside the White House, she became a fashion symbol and was often under scrutiny by Journalists. She was somely criticized over the high costs of her layes.Some media houses sometimes suggested that the put forward funds employ to buy her dresses would have been used to send aid to American soldiers who were dying in the battlefield. By doing so, her spendthrift nature would have been curbed. Her redecorating of the White House raised many eyebrows including those of her husband. Her extravagance and explicit sense of taste of fashion actually made some European fashion designers emulate her. French Empress Eggnine is one of the women who were spotted adorning similar dress designs as Mrs.. Lincoln.Her extravagance was way too much as compared to preceding( prenominal) First Ladles and her term of enlistment In the White House was a hold indicator of a change in pomp and glamour. Julia Tyler In 1844, legerdemain Tyler became the first American president to marry while holding office. He stunned Americans even more by marrying a lady who was thirty years younger than him (Adler, 2002). 21 -year-old Julia Gardener Tyler, another descendant of a wealthy family, however proved to the world that despite her tender age, she had to play near role as First Lady. Much like Mary Todd, Alder describes Julia as an explicit extravagant.The First Lady was seen to preside over functions with a high- spirited attitude. Prior to her entrance in the White House, guests used to be received following procedures laid out by the train Burn administration. But during her time, he totally changed the reception procedures. She adorned plumes in her hair as she received guests. In addition, her maids wore white dresses which was a untried trend as far as o bservers were concerned. According to her, she made all the alterations to revive the White House in order to please her husband.Using her wit, she believed that chairwoman Tyler would gain a lot of satisfaction by watching peck praise his young and vibrant newly wedded wife. Ellen Wilson Not all women who have lived in the White House are full of remarkable drama. Ellen Saxons Wilson is portrayed by Adler as a calm and composed maternally Oman. Most Americans at that time viewed her as a sweet pity mother. Being a daughter of a church minister, her humble and composed background may have played a major role in developing such a character in her.She is also one of the few women who never saw what the big deal was in staying in the White House. She never showed great enthusiasm in universe the wife of the president of the United States of America. However, Lade shows an interesting side of Ellen. Having know each other since they were kids, Ellen and Woodrow Wilson did not shy from showing how much they love and cared for each other. During the course of their romantic relationship, they two are rumored to have interchange more than 1,000 love letters (Adler, 2002). Despite giving it her all in showing romance to her husband, Ellen also had a soft spot for art.Her love of painting saw her put up a studio complete with a skylight erected inside the White House. She continued with her hobby placid even after attending the weddings of her two daughters in a swing out of six months. Hillary Clinton Being among the most learned First Ladies to ever stay in the White House, Hillary Roadman Clinton made her presence felt in the most convincing way possible. In her ears as an undergrad, she was a atom of the National Honor Society. She also honed her leadership skills back then by being a student leader.By the time her husband, Bill Clinton, clinched power, she had already been appointed to the board of Legal Services Corporation by President Jimmy Carter. Aft er President Clinton assumed office, she was given another positive role of chairing the Task Force on National Health carry off Reform. Despite all these roles, Adler shows how she still tried her best to balance mingled with family, work and service. Conclusion The book does a good Job in giving an insight into the secret lives of Americas First Ladies. It also reveals the goings-on that many an American are not familiar with.The book mostly contains anecdotes such as the antics of Mary Todd Lincoln. It also does a fantastic Job in exposing how most of the First Ladies were major spendthrifts who did their best to leave a mark in the White House in terms of pomp and color. An example is Julia Tyler who altogether revived the reception procedures whenever foreign personalities paid a visit. His extensive use of lengthy speeches can be commended and criticized as well. An example is the reproduction of Hilary Silicons steer at Wellesley College. The letter sounds interesting at first but becomes purblind soon afterwards.

Hofstede analysis Essay

1. actor distance the extent to which the less virile members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. 2. Individualism- the storey of interdependence a familiarity maintains among its members. 3. Masculinity / Femininity-The fundamental issue here(predicate) is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine). 4. suspense avoidance The extent to which the members of a culture smack threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these 5. ache depot orientation- the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future-oriented lieu rather than a conventional historical short- experimental condition point of view.Power distance Tailand get ahead 64 on PDI index, slightly lower than the medium Asian countries (71). It is a society in which inequalities are accepted a strict chain of command and protocol are obse rved. Each localise has its privileges and employees show loyalty, respect and deference for their superiors in return for protection and guidance. This whitethorn lead to paternalistic management.Thus, the attitude towards managers are to a greater extent formal, the information melt down is hierarchical and controlled. IndividualismWith a score of 20 Thailand is a super collectivist country. This is manifest in a close long-term fealty to the member group (a family, extended family, or extended relationships). Loyalty to the in-group in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where e actually one and only(a) takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.In effectuate to preserve the in-group, Thai are not confrontational and in there communication a Yes may not mean an acceptance or agreement. An offence leads to detriment of face and Thai are very sensitive not to feel s hamed in front of their group.Personal relationship is key to conducting crinkle and it takes time to build such relations thus patience is necessity as well as not openly discuss handicraft on first occasions. Masculinity / FemininityThailand scores 34 on this dimension and is thus considered a feminine society. Thailand has the lowest Masculinity be among the average Asian countries of 53 and the World average of 50. This lower level is indicative of a society with less assertiveness and competitiveness, as compared to one where these values are considered more important and significant. This situation also reinforces more traditional male and female roles within the population. uncertainty avoidanceThailand scores 64 on this dimension indicating a preference for avoiding uncertainty. In order to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everythin g in order to reject or avoid the unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. Change has to be seen for the greater good of the in-group. Long term orientationWith a score of 56 Thailand is a Long condition Oriented culture though not as much as for most Asian countries. LTO is manifest on their respect for tradition and contrast between people. Amongst the values that are praised, working hard and having a good sense of moderation are dominant. The investment in personal relationships and network is paramount. defend ones face is key and a protocol in their non confrontational behavior.Their concern is not to look for one truth which helps them be flexible and pragmatic in negotiations.Thai favor long term oriented perspective and thus Thailand deadlines and timescales are fluid.

Pricing Strategies of Hyundai

1 March 2006 Immediate Release Hyundai Launches Family set Strategy and Standardises Parts Prices The cost of owning and servicing a Hyundai has never been cheaper for apteryx motorists from this week. Hyundai Automotive New Zealand has announced a revolutionary new(a) separate policy that impart see old(prenominal) part prices across Hyundais homunculus range standardised, and in many cases becoming considerably cheaper. cognise as the Family Pricing Strategy, the policy sees the price of regular maintenance genuine Hyundai parts standardised across models, and is the first step toward standardised renovation costs.Surveys by Hyundai revealed the company already had competitively priced genuine parts, having similar prices to the aftermarket competitors and in many cases beating them. Hyundai New Zealand Aftermarket Manager Peter Tolley tell getting the companys sp be parts aligned across the model range was the first part of the companys strategy to withhold monomania co sts as low as possible for alone Hyundai vehicles. It would also ensure customers have the reassurance of genuine Hyundai parts which come with a 12 month, 20,000km warranty.The greyparts market is a worldwide puzzle for the motor industry because many parts are substandard and unsafe. To combat this Hyundai Motor Company has been keen to get involved in this dieical anaesthetic initiative. Working closely with Hyundai Motor Company and its suppliers has meant that we are able to stand some substantial reductions in set to benefit the New Zealand consumer, give tongue to Mr Tolley. We expected customers to benefit from some substantial parts savings, particularly on the larger vehicles such as Terracan, Santa Fe and the new Grandeur said Mr Tolley. You will see genuine components like front brake pads tramp from anything up to $253 each down to $85 under the Family Pricing Strategy. dim-witted components like oil filters on our petrol engines will drop from up to $38 down to $15. 75. These savings are genuine, long term and will lead into very competitive servicing costs for our customers. Mr Tolley said Hyundai was divergence to greater lengths than any other vehicle manufacturer with this new pricing strategy.Low ownership costs with Hyundai were already almost a given, delinquent to the extremely high gear level of choice and reliability in new Hyundai vehicles, said Peter Tolley. Surveys such as the prestigious JD Power fomite whole tone survey rated the Hyundai Sonata as one of the worlds top three reliable gondola cars in 2005. The US based Total Quality Index survey confirmed the Hyundai Tucson as the worlds highest quality small SUV for 2005. The results come from polling a massive 40,000 buyers of models throughout the USA. With results like this approve up by competitive parts pricing, New Zealanders can be sure they will see Hyundai as an extremely good value, high quality, low cost vehicle for many years to come. Putting it simpl y, we are confident that over a complete ownership cycle, no car will show a better complete cost of ownership than a Hyundai. This has already been shown to be the case with Hyundais Getz, which in 2005, won the Best Small Car Award in the annual Australias Best Cars awards scoring the top well above average rank for among other things, Pricing, Running & Repair Costs and Warranty.

Information Security Fundamentals Essay

Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.1. How does a trumped-up(prenominal) positive alarm differ from a false prohibit one? From a security perspective, which is least desirable? A false positive polish up is where the system IDPS was appall but no eruption ever occurred. The false negative is where an actual attack occurs and the IDPS isnt alarmed at all. The least desirable would definitely be the false negative, if an attack does occur and the IDPS doesnt even alarm well whats the menstruum in even having it if it isnt going to alarm.2. What is a honeypot? How is it distinct from a honeynet? A honeypot is a decoy system that impart lure potential hackers away from the ne dickensrks critical systems. A honeynet is where the system subnet is continuously changing and it lures attackers away by redirecting the the subsystems that are rich in information.3. What capabilities should a piano tuner security toolkit include? Definitely should be able snivel inc oming packets, scan the wireless hosts, and be able to view the aim of privacy. Keeping an eye on vulnerability is a must because wireless networks can be a little easier to breach especially if the responsibility security measures are not implemented.4. A key feature of intercrossed IDPS systems is event correlation. After re seeming event correlation online, define the following equipment casualty as they are used in this process compression, suppression, and generalization. Compression is when it imparting take several occurrences and will examine it multiple duplicates. Suppression is where the IDPS will just alert you if something major has happened instead of it just triggering off something unanalyzable it will still let you know that something triggered it. Associates alarms with higher leveled events, can be useful when corresponding with multiple failed ports.5. ZoneAlarm is a PC-based firewall and IDPS tool. Visit the product producer at www.zonelabs.com, and find the product specification for theIDPS features of ZoneAlarm. Which of the ZoneAlarm products offer these features?6. Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used, and how can these be used to liken the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.7. Use the Internet to find vendors of thumbprint and iris scanning tools. Which of these tools is more economical? Which of these is least meddling?8. There are several online passphrase generators available. Locate at least two of them on the Internet, and try them out. What did you observe?

Are young people feel to being too protected Essay

P atomic number 18nts often believe that it is better to be safe than sorry. Do you consider young people to be too protected?Whenever you make proscribed across the word shaverhood, you washbowl sense the freedom to do everything, you can see yourself on all smiles and veritable(a) you can memorialise the silly things you have make with your friends when you were young which could make induce a sense of humour till now. Well non any much. In nowadayss world, p atomic number 18nts forbid them from letting them go out and gage, they do not allow their children to do activities and lastly solving their childrens own difficulty.Nowadays, eggwhisk parents do not allow their child to go out and venture the world. Helicopter parents do not allow their children to go out as they are afraid about their child being kidnapped. If this continued, children would be youthful and sad to say that they would continue to . To prove my point, a research was done by Cambridge University o n the crime rate from ten years agone till now. The results tells us that crime rate has decreased by a whopping 86.81%. On the contrary, some critics may argue that children are immature, and then they are unprepared to face the world. But this is part of life, learning should never be obstructed and the more experienced they are, the more matured they get out be. Ernest Dimnet once said that, Children have to be educated, but they have as well as to be left to educate themselves.. in that respectfore, this conveys to me to my point that parents are overprotective.In straight glums world, it is a common sight to see helicopter parents cloging their child to do activities such as cycling, skating or even base on balls to school. They are chained to their home making children prisoners in their own homes. This is because they are afraid that their child may contract something disastrous such as fever, minor injuries. Research conducted by Cambridge University tells us that c hildren ten years ago have 65% lesser children suffering from obesity than children now. This is due to parents not allowing their child exercise.If this continued, children impart get obese and may get farsighted term medical conditions such as High blood pressure.On the other hand, parents may argue by not allowing their children, they can prevent their children from being kidnapped by con man. This is the same worry once Lenore Skenazy, antecedent of free range kids and Americas Worst Mom, had this same problem when she let her 9 year old to take the subway. But soon it has paid off when her son returned home all smiles. Therefore, this tells that children are overprotected.Lastly, a research done by National University of Singapore tells us that a whopping 78.69% of children, between the age of 10 to 15, who participated in the research lacks radical problem solving skills and a majority of children are brought up by helicopter parents. Nowadays, children share their proble ms to their parents, soon their parents will be worried and they will handle their problems. Because of that, children lack problem solving skills and become more reliant to their parents. On the other side of the coin, some critics may argue that children can pick up problem solving skills by attending courses or go for counselling. But which children will be interested to attend courses or go for counselling, and also a famous author, Paulo Coelho, once said that nation never learn anything by being told, they have to find out for themselves.. Thus, this can tell us that young people are overprotected.To twin this point, some critics may argue that children are naive and gullible. They make decisions without analysing the event of it. Afraid of that, parents prevent their children from making decisions. To illustrate this point, here is an scenario. Imagine your 15 year old daughter was proposed by a guy. Being in a dilemma whether to accept or not, she follows her intuition an d accepts his proposal. So without you intimate she has been hanging out with her life partner. Then one day, she comes at your doorsteps, crying and limping at the same time. Then she tells you what had happened. Then you came to retire that she got raped by the guy she had proposed without you knowing. There goes her virginity. There goes your pride. There goes your faith. There goes your daughters future.You cannot rewind back into time to stop this. And there you are now feeling that you were a useless parent to your daughter. Back to my point, to prevent this types of problem, parents should effective communication with their childrenand when they have done something wrong, you should advise them on what they should do to prevent the situation to happen again, rather than yelling and abusing them which would not bring any solution to the problem but making the problem even worse. In this way, we could prevent being an overprotective parent and establish a bond something more than a Parent-Child relationship.Before I end off my essay, let me tell you my opinion about this topic. Parents do show more care and compassion to their children than anyone could do. Due to that, parents tends to become over protective and they orient to let their child have a stress-free life. But the problem is that with the advise of theirs, their children are being over protected. Thus, their children becomes immature, becoming less confident to influence their own problems and lastly becoming less experienced. Thus, I can firmly conclude that young people are being overprotected

Ob Robinssolutionchap2

Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior triplex CHOICE big businessman 1. Which of the quest state elaborate forcets is unbowed most the term tycoon, as it is getd in the field of organizational mien? a. It refers to an psyches exitingness to perform sundry(a) tasks. b. It is a current assesswork forcet of what an unity-on-one can do. c. It refers exclusively to intellectual skills. d. It refers exclusively to fleshly skills. e. It is a prodigy of future adroitness based on current attitudes. (b find out mightiness p. 45) 2. Which one of the undermentioned words is the best synonym for big businessman, as the term is affaird in organizational appearance? . motivation b. electrical capacity c. insure d. intellect e. wisdom (b thought-provoking top executive p. 45) AACSB analytic Skills 3. Which of the hobby is non a dimension of intellectual ability? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic flexibility e. complaisan t aptitude (d middle of the passer Intellectual Ability p. 45) AACSB uninflected Skills 4. What is a mover of intelligence that suggests that it makes sense to talk about over solely intelligence? a. widely distributed mental ability b. intelligent quotient c. ability d. cultural intelligence e. perceptual speed (a curb General Mental Ability p. 6) 5. Which of the pursual is non one of the nine basic abilities involved in the political machinerying into action of physical tasks? a. stamina b. dynamic flexibility c. speed d. body coordination e. trunk stance (c moderate Nine Basic Physical Abilities p. 47) AACSB analytical Skills Biographical Characteristics 6. Which of the sideline is non a biographical characteristic? a. political affiliation b. ripen c. sex d. ten-spoture e. race (a abstemious Biographical Characteristics p. 48) AACSB uninflected Skills 7. What go forth be the largest demographic falsify in the U. S. work force in the near decade? a. ncreasi ng ethnical diversity b. a f alone in married workers c. change magnitude get on with of workers d. decreasing tenure of workers e. to a greater extent women in the workforce than men (c reticent geezerhood p. 48) AACSB multicultural and kind 8. Research shows that which of the pastime is belike to decrease as a worker grows grayer? a. productiveness b. likelihood of quitting c. absenteeism d. vacation twenty-four hour periods taken e. work ethic (b innovativeerate board p. 49) AACSB multicultural and mixture 9. Which of the pursual statements is true? a. Older employees fetch dismantle rates of avoidable absence than younger workers. b.Older employees confirm lower rates of unavoidable absence than younger workers. c. Older employees ar much than in all probability to quit their job than younger workers. d. Older employees argon perceive to be more flexible than younger workers. e. Older employees generally exhaust lower productivity than younger workers. (a hold rear, long time p. 49) AACSB multicultural and mixture 10. Which of the take placeing is true concerning the family relationship amid fester and job gaiety? a. around studies lay down found a disconfirming affiliation in the midst of mount up and gladness. b. Some studies hire found a U-shaped relationship between age and satisfaction. . Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction gains among nonprofessionals during center of maintenance age. e. Satisfaction decreases among nonprofessionals aft(prenominal) middle age. (b entertain epoch p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 11. Research does not reward which of the undermentioned statements about gender in the oeuvre? a. Women atomic number 18 more bequeathing to conform to authority than men. b. Men argon more combative than women. c. Women ar more productive at work than men. d. Men hasten utmoster swayations of success. e. Women put up lower turnover rate s than men. c hash out Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 12. Research supports which of the following statements about men and women in the work state of affairs? a. Men ar more productive. b. Women are more productive. c. Men are the most receptive to lovingization. d. Women are more likely to resign. e. Women have more absences. (e insure Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 13. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the high gearer absentee rate of women in the body of work? a. Women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. . Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. Women tend to be slight satis component party with their jobs than men. d. Women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement can be hired. e. Women tend to work in jobs that have less flexible agendas than men do. (b check out Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 14. Which of the following is a major problem in the handling of ability tests for selection and promotion of military unit? a. The tests are not reliable. b. The tests fail to take into account the personality of the individualist. c.Some individuals with high intelligence are poor test takers. d. Women enjoy an unfair expediency on these tests. e. The tests whitethorn have an adverse cushion on various racial and ethnic groups. (e naturalise Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 15. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. new-fashioned evidence demonstrates a confident(p) relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. kick upstairs does not come along to be a comfortably predictor of employee productivity. c. promote is a loaded inconsistent in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are verifyingly related. . Tenure and organizational investment are blackballly related. (b objurgate Tenure p. 52) AACSB uninflected Skills 16. Studies indicate that which of the following tends to decrease with increased tenure? a. job satisfaction b. productivity c. absenteeism d. raises and promotion e. efficiency (c restrict Tenure p. 52) 17. Perhaps the great religious issue revolves around what? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Catholicism d. Buddhism e. Islam (e diminish Religion p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 18. What Fortune 500 ac bon ton offers domestic partner benefits for airy couples? . Wal-Mart b. Alltel c. Rubbermaid d. Nestle e. Heintz (a fashionableerate Sexual Orientation p. 53) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity lift up 19. Which of the following indicates that accomplishment has taken place? a. the ability to perform considerably on exams b. a permute in motivation c. a spay in fashion d. a high I. Q. score e. an increase in experience (c flaccid conceive p. 54) 20. culture has not taken place in which of the following cases? a. A farm worker makes sure that she forever wea rs a hat after she was badly sunburned. b. A salesman watches a learn video and then enforces some f the techniques in that video. c. An athlete trains rigorously, until he can run a mile in less than 4 minutes. d. A warehouseman avoids working by staying in res publicas of the warehouse where he has retaind that the foreman does not enter. e. A conductor scarce completes an of the essence(p) project by working through the night. (e keep in line eruditeness p. 54) AACSB analytical Skills 21. All of the following are true about t for each oneing only that it _____. a. involves change b. can have a precise short length c. requires a change in way d. requires some form of experience e. affects aptitude b reclaim tuition p. 54) AACSB uninflected Skills 22. A split starts greeting her guests with a naive Hello rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the standard greeting Thank you for shopping with us, since she find saying the latter slightly emb arrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has take to education? a. the heart of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting b. the mode of the company to use the standard greeting c. the finding not to use the company greeting d. her use of the informal greeting of Hello . the decision of the company to adopt the standard greeting (a Moderate Learning p. 54) AACSB uninflected Skills 23. Experiments performed by Ivan Pavlov led to what possibility? a. undefiled learn b. operant instruct c. hearty learnedness d. system replication e. doings formation (a Moderate incorrupt condition p. 55) 24. What role did the meat play in Pavlovs experiment with dogs? a. an un lettered repartee b. a knowledgeable stimulus c. a conditioned repartee d. a reconditioned stimulus e. an unconditioned stimulus (e Moderate Classical condition p. 5) AACSB analytic Skills 25. Classical learn would view which of the following as most likely to be a conditioned so lution? a. wincing when you stub your toe b. driving on the right side of the road c. flinching when startled by a loud noise d. looking for nourish when the sky turns gray e. mouth watering when you eat delicious regimen (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytical Skills 26. In Pavlovs experiment, the price was a/an _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned rejoinder c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. no(prenominal) of the above c Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytical Skills 27. Which of the following is not true of classical condition? a. Classical condition is passive. b. Classical instruct can explain sincere reflexive expressions. c. Learning a conditioned response involves building an companionship between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. A neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus. e. Classical conditioning is various in many respects from operant conditioning. (d Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytical Skills 28.When Joe gets stressed he often drinks chamomile tea. This calms him since he associates chamomile tea drinking with happy visits with his grandmother in his childhood. The calm feeling brought on by the tea is an example of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. sensory tuition d. social learning e. formation (a Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) AACSB analytic Skills 29. Why does classical conditioning theory fail to adequately describe look in the workplace? a. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is reflexive rather than voluntary. b.Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is divulgeted rather than elicited. c. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is complex. d. It is very difficult to determine exactly which conditioned stimulus elicits which response in the workplace. e. Classical conditioning works well describing animal behavior but not human behavior. (b Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 30. operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repeat a behavior is very strong e. he tendency to repeat a behavior is instinctual (c Moderate operant Conditioning p. 56) 31. Which of the following researchers thought that advantage was the central factor involved in behavioural change? a. Pavlov b. Fayol c. skinner d. Deming e. Surber (c Moderate operant Conditioning p. 56) 32. Stella has been late to work often in the past. Stellas theater director tries to change Stellas behavior by praising her whenever she is on time. However, Stella realizes that this is what he is doing and resents his attempts to manipulate her behavior. This is an example of what problem with behaviorism and OB Mod? . behaviourism and OB Mod assume that peoples thoughts and feelings in response to their environment ar e irrelevant. b. Behaviorism and OB Mod put unreasonable emphasis on cognitive cropes. c. Behaviorism and OB Mod only have an effect on human subjects when those subjects are unaware that these techniques are world used. d. The best keep to use and the memorial on which it should be used varies widely between individual subjects. e. Behaviorism and OB Mod are based upon simple gets of stimulus and response that may not hold true in a complex, real world environment. a Challenging Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 33. Your boss does not follow through on her promise to pay you double for overtime hours worked. When asked once again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of _____ conditioning. a. classical b. operant c. sensory d. association e. disappointment-weighted (b Challenging Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that be havior occurring again? a. It increases. b. It declines. c. It remains unchanged. . It becomes zero. e. It may increase or decrease based on other factors. (b Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) AACSB Analytic Skills 35. What do we call the view that we can learn both through ceremonial occasion and select experience? a. plazaal learning theory b. classical learning c. social learning theory d. hands-on learning experience e. the Pavlov ruler (c Easy tender Learning p. 57) 36. kind learning theory is an extension of _____. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. geological formation d. Pavlovian theory e. continuous documentation principles (b Moderate Social Learning p. 7) 37. Isadora observes that when her brother Mi pick up crosses the street without looking he is punished by their parents. establish on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shap ing d. extinguishing e. social learning theory (e Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she pull up stakes invite extra pay. b.A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a tape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is given candy as a reward for his groovy manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal workers pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before. (b Challenging Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 39. quartet processes have been found to determine the influence that a model gist have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes? . attentional processes b. computer memory processe s c. motor reproduction processes d. financial support processes e. consequential processes (e Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills 40. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual re peniss a models action after it is no perennial quick available? a. attitudinal b. memory board c. motor reproduction d. financial support e. attention (b Easy Social Learning p. 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 41. What do we call the practice of reinforcing imminent and closer approximations of a sought after behavior? a. modeling b. haping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. aping (b Moderate formative p. 58) 42. You require to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the first day he produces 5 units and you give him a reward. On the second day he produces 5 units and you dont give him a reward. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral cha nge are you apply? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. ego impairment (b Challenging Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 43.Using shaping, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior? a. veto reinforcement b. punishment c. counseling d. positive reinforcement e. extermination (c Easy Shaping pp. 58-59) AACSB Analytic Skills 44. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. diminishment c. reception d. manipulation e. unionization (a Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 45. What is it called when a appetited response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. anipulation d. elimination e. psychic withdrawal (a Moderate Negative backing p. 58) 46. Suspending an employee for dishonest behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior? a. extinction b. negative reinforcement c. punis hment d. poor plan e. reaction (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) 47. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior? a. A teacher does not respond to any student who speaks before being called upon. b. A workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use. c. A manager docks the pay of all workers who arrive late. . A cat owner sprays his cat with water both time it tries to sit on the couch. e. A soccer coach rewards his players with evaluate and small rewards if they pr charget the other team from scoring. (a Moderate Extinction p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 48. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true? a. They both result in learning. b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its ulterior frequency. d. They are effective shaping tools. e. They are often used in learning. c Challenging Methods of Shapin g Behavior p. 59) 49. An employee is often late for work. both time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using? a. continuous scroll b. negative c. sporadic order of business d. repetitious e. repetitious negative (a Moderate Continuous support p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills 50. The somatic audit provide makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the inserts to regulate that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the ollowing? a. positive reinforcement b. changeable-interval reinforcement plan c. continuous reinforcement schedule d. fixed reinforcement schedule e. static response method (b Moderate intermittent advantage p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 51. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval e. fea sible (b Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 52. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction? a. continuous b. ixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio e. negative (c Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 53. In general, _____ reinforcement schedules tend to lead to higher performance than _____ reinforcement schedules. a. variable fixed b. fixed intermittent c. fixed variable d. variable ratio e. fixed static (a Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 54. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____. a. classical conditioning b. self- steering c. reengineering d. OB Mod e. social modeling (d Moderate OB Mod p. 2) 55. Which of the following is one of the shouts of the problem-solving model followed by the emblematic OB Mod program? a. attaining critical behaviors b. reinforcing behavior c. develo ping horizontally arrayed data d. developing vertically arrayed data e. identifying member barriers (a Moderate OB Mod locomote p. 62) 56. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his ply towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales staff necessarily to use in order to increase their friendliness towards customers. What is the next step that the manager should take? . determine why employees are not hail-fellow-well-met towards customers b. develop a strategy for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the relegate time e. establish what is necessary to motivate employee friendliness towards customers (d Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills Summary and Implications for Managers 57. Who said Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want? a. B . F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d.James Emery e. Ben Franklin (a Moderate Shaping Behavior p. 66) TRUE/FALSE Ability 58. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses in call of ability that make them comparatively superior or inferior to others in perform certain tasks or activities. (True Easy Ability p. 45) 59. Ability is the assessment of what one will do. ( absurd Easy Ability p. 45) 60. An individuals overall abilities are essentially do up of triple sets of factors thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. (False Moderate Ability p. 45) 61. A high I. Q. is a good prerequisite for all jobs. (False Easy Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 62.It is illegal in the U. S. for employers to use I. Q. tests for employment selection. (False Moderate Intelligent Quotient p. 45) 63. Stamina, dexterity, and strength are dimensions of physical ability. (True Easy Nine Basic Physical Abilities p. 47) AACSB Analytic Skills 64. Individuals who have a high score on one dimension of physical a bility will usually score high on all other dimensions. (False Moderate Physical Abilities p. 47) Biographical Characteristics 65. Biographical data is easier to acquire than breeding on employee motivation levels. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 66.Collecting biographical data is typically a very difficult task in organizations. (False Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 67. in-person characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records (such(prenominal) as age, sex, and marital status) are called biographical characteristics. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 68. A persons age is an example of a biographical characteristic. (True Easy Biographical Characteristics p. 48) 69. The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. (True Moderate Age p. 8) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 70. Recent American legislation makes it easier for a company to enfor ce obligatory retirement. (False Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 71. Mandatory retirement has become an progressively rare phenomenon in organizations. (True Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 72. Age and turnover rates are directly related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 73. Age and avoidable absences are negatively related. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 74. Workers productivity tends to decline with age. False Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 75. Age and job satisfaction are related for professional workers. (True Moderate Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 76. In general, woman and men desire the same work schedules. (False Moderate Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 77. There is no significant difference of opinion between the absenteeism rates of men and women. (False Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 78. In employm ent settings, individuals tend to favor colleagues of their own race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises. True Easy Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 79. Mental ability tests used for selection, promotion, training, and similar personnel decisions may have a negative impact on racial and ethnic groups. (True Challenging Race p. 51) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity 80. raft who have been on a job longer are more productive than those with less seniority. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 81. Tenure is negatively related to absenteeism. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 82. Tenure is negatively related to turnover. (True Moderate Tenure p. 52) 83.Tenure and satisfaction are negatively related. (False Moderate Tenure p. 52) Learning 84. Learning has occurred when in that respect is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (True Easy Learning p. 54) 85. One can easily observe others learning. (False Easy Learning p . 54) 86. Classical conditioning grew out of the work of B. F. Skinner. (False Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) 87. In Ivan Pavlovs study, dogs salivated in response to a ringing bell. (True Easy Classical Conditioning p. 55) 88. The meat in Pavlovs experiment was an unconditioned stimulus. True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 55) 89. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (True Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 90. To explain why Christmas carols often bring back pleasant memories of childhood, you would use operant conditioning. (False Challenging Classical Conditioning p. 55) 91. Classical conditioning is passive. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 56) 92. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. (True Moderate Classical Conditioning p. 6) 93. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. (Tr ue Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 94. What Pavlov did for operant conditioning, Skinner did for classical conditioning. (False Challenging Learning Theories p. 56) 95. Rewards are most effective if they are delayed following the craved response. (False Moderate Operant Conditioning p. 56) 96. Your supervisory program has explained that he will reward those who take extra effort to carry out that their jobs are done well. This tactic follows from research into operant conditioning. True Easy Operant Conditioning p. 56) 97. Learning through both observation and direct experience is called operant conditioning. (False Easy Social Learning p. 57) 98. Older workers are not as capable of learning as younger employees. (False Moderate Age and Learning p. 58) 99. Trainability is a measure of a persons willingness to learn. (False Moderate Trainability p. 58) 100. Reduced motivation has been found to significantly influence learning and training outcomes. (True Moderate Learning p. 5 8) 101. Shaping occurs when we mold individuals by using intensive training to change their behavior quickly. False Easy Shaping p. 58) 102. One method of shaping behavior is called positive reinforcement and occurs when a desired response is followed with something pleasant. (True Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 58) 103. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called punishment. (False Moderate Extinction p. 59) 104. twain positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. (True Easy Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 105. Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its concomitant frequency. (True Moderate Methods of Shaping Behavior p. 59) 06. A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired behavior each time it is demonstrated. (True Easy Continuous Reinforcement p. 59) 107. A piece-rate incentive plan is an example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. (False Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 108. Salespeople on commission are examples of individuals on a variable-ratio schedule. (True Moderate Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) 109. In the typical OB Mod program, everything an employee does on his or her job is equally important in terms of performance outcomes. (False Moderate OB Mod p. 62) 110.The first step in OB Mod is to identify critical behaviors impacting the employees performance. (True Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) 111. Our knowledge about learning suggests that punishment is a more effective tool in OB mod than reinforcement. (False Moderate OB Mod and Reinforcement Theory p. 63) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of Biographical Characteristics You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of 3 other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 historic period old, exclusive and fe manly. She has been with the company only six months.Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. quip is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five dollar bill years. 112. Based on the information given, which employee would be least likely to quit his or her job? a. all these employees would have about the same likelihood of quitting b. Gina c. Jonathan d. Sally e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 113. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to have the lowest rate of avoidable absence? a. ll these employees would have about the same rate of avoidable absence b. Sally c. Gina d. Jonathan e. Gina and Sally would probably have equally low rates (d Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 114. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to most desire the option to telecommute or arrange a more flexible work schedule? a. all these employees would have the same desire for these options b. Jona than c. Sally d. Gina e. Gina and Sally (c Moderate Gender p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic SkillsApplication of Learning TheoryShaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not abysmally interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 115. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of _____. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. social learning e. modeling (b Moderate Positive Reinforcement p. 8) AACSB Analytic Skills 116. You want Allison to take an accounting phone line so that she can abet with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the course and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be given extra help with preparing payroll whenever she takes an accounting class. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (b Challenging Negative Reinforcement p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 117.Sam is late coming back to work and you dock his pay. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (c Moderate Punishment p. 59) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Different Schedules of Reinforcement You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in spy the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 118.Veronica is paid $10. 00 per dozen units that she produces. This is an example of _____ reinforcemen t. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. none of the above (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 119. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several times a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of _____reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. reactive (c Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 0) AACSB Analytic Skills 120. Johns attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement and compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be _____. a. variable-interval intermittent b. fixed-interval intermittent c. continuous d. punishment-based e. shaped (a Challenging Intermittent Reinforcement p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills 121. You know that the reinforcement schedule that you r firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of employees.Which of the following is not likely based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules will lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for freshly emitted, unstable, or low-frequency responses. c. inconstant schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules will lead to higher performance than variable schedules. e. Variable schedules will be highly effective. (d Challenging Reinforcement Schedules and Behavior p. 60) AACSB Analytic Skills Application of Behavior Modification Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emerys use of OB Mod.He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 122. You can expect to see the application of which of the following in the work setting? a. reinforcement concept s to individuals b. receptive book management c. additional stock option plans d. analysis of biographical characteristics e. higher health care benefits (a Easy OB Mod p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 123. What is the first step that your manager is likely to take? a. identify behavioral consequences b. identify critical behaviors c. evaluate performance improvement . develop service line data e. none of the above (b Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills 124. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to _____ percent of each employees performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 e. 100 (d Challenging OB Mod Steps p. 62) SHORT handling QUESTIONS 125. Why is the relationship between age and job performance likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade? First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with incr easing age.Regardless of whether its true or not, many people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging. Workers age 55 and older are currently the fastest-growing sector of the labor force. The third reason is that U. S. legislation, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. (Easy Age p. 49) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 126. Has research indicated the existence of gender differences in job productivity? Explain. There is little evidence indicating that an employees gender affects his or her job productivity.In this area of study the similarities between male and female workers seems to far outweigh the very minor differences (for example, in the area of absenteeism) that have been found in some studies. (Easy Gender p. 50) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 127. What is learning? Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (Easy Learning p. 54) 128. How can managers shape employee behavior? Managers can shape employee behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.Managers can mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps. Reinforcement increases as responses more closely approximate the desired behavior. Managers may use positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to promote this dull shaping of employee behavior. (Easy Shaping p. 58) AACSB Analytic Skills 129. Give an example of a fixed-ratio schedule for paying employees and an example of a variable-ratio schedule for payment. In a fixed-ratio schedule, rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.For example, a worker is rewarded with a piece rate system paying $10 for every 12 widgets produced. Each dozen earns the worker another $10. A variable-ratio schedule provides variable reward relative to the behavi or of the individual. For example, a car salesman on commission is on a variable-ratio schedule. Each potential customer does not necessarily result in a sale and so a commission. (Easy Intermittent Reinforcement pp. 59-60) AACSB Analytic Skills MEDIUM LENGTH countersign QUESTIONS 130. What is ability? What are the two sets of factors comprising a persons ability level?Ability refers to an individuals capacity to perform the various tasks in a given job. It is a current assessment of what one can do. An individuals overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors intellectual and physical abilities. 1) Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities. 2) Physical abilities are important for happyly performing jobs that are more standardized which require manual labor. (Easy Ability p. 45-47) AACSB Analytic Skills 131. What is the relationship between age and the organizational issues of productivity, turnover and satisfaction?This is a somewhat complex set of relationships. The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. Older workers are less likely to resign than are younger workers because their long tenure tends to provide them with higher wage rates, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pension benefits. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they alike have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due(p) to the poorer heathland associated with aging and the longer recovery that older workers need when injured.The demands of most jobs, even those with heavy manual labor requirements, are not extreme luxuriant for any declines in physical skills due to age to have an impact on productivity or if there is some decay due to age, it is offset by gains due to experience. The evidence is mixed when examining the relationship between age and job satisfaction, however. Most studies indicate a positive association between age and satisfa ction, at least up to age 60. separate studies, however, have found a U-shaped relationship.Satisfaction tends to continually increase among professionals as they age, whereas it move among nonprofessionals during middle age and then rises again in the later years. (Moderate Age p. 48) AACSB Multicultural and Diversity AACSB Analytic Skills 132. Identify and briefly describe the five steps of a typical OB Mod program. The typical OB Mod program follows a five-step problem-solving model identifying critical behaviors, developing service line data, identifying behavioral consequences, developing and implementing an intercession strategy, and evaluating performance improvement. ) The first step is to identify the critical behaviors that make a significant impact on the employees job performance. 2) The second step requires the manager to develop some service line performance data. This is obtained by determining the number of times the identified behavior is occurring under present conditions. 3) The third step is to perform a functional analysis to identify the behavioral contingencies or consequences of performance. This tells the manager the antecedent cues that emit the behavior and the consequences that are currently maintaining it. ) In the fourth step, the manager develops and implements an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable performance behaviors and weaken undesirable behaviors. 5) The lowest step is to evaluate performance improvement. (Moderate OB Mod Steps p. 62) AACSB Analytic Skills COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 133. How do we learn? Identify and discuss the theories to explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior. Be sure to specifically identify the key elements of each of these theories by name. Classical conditioning was discovered by Pavlov.Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in order to enkindle the performance of a conditioned response, which was formerly an unconditioned response. When the stimuli, one compel and the other one neutral, are paired, the neutral one becomes a conditioned stimulus and, hence, takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus and leads to the performance of a conditioned response (which is the same response as the original unconditioned response).Skinner, who discovered operant conditioning, argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to comport to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by the consequences of the behavior and can be manipulated through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction.Social learning is the theory that we can learn through both observation and direc t experience. Social learning theory is an extension of operant conditioning it assumes that behavior is a function of consequences it also acknowledges the existence of observational learning and the importance of perception to learning. People respond to how they perceive and define consequences, not to the objective consequences themselves. (Challenging Learning Theories pp. 54 to 57) AACSB Analytic Skills 34. Discuss the four processes management should include when creating employee training programs. The likelihood that training programs will be successful can be improved with the inclusion of attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement processes. People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.A models influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the models action after the model is no longer readily available. After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, the watching must be converted to doing. This motor reproduction process demonstrates that the individuals can perform the modeled activities. Individuals will be do to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. (Moderate Social Learning pp. 57-58) AACSB Analytic Skills

Second Foundation 15. Through the Grid

TRANTOR By the middle of the Interregnum, Trantor was a shadow. In the middle of the colossal ruins, there lived a sm on the whole community of farmersEncyclopedia Galactica on that point is nonhing, n ever so has been boththing, quite like a busy spaceport on the exposeskirts of a capital city of a populous artificial sa itemiseite. There argon the immense machines rilievoing mightily in their cradles. If you choose your era properly, there is the impressive purview of the sinking giant dropping to rest or, more hair-raising s public treasury, the swiftening red of a bubble of steel. all(a) processes involved are nearly encumbranceless. The designer power is the silent surge of nucleons shifting into more compact arrangementsIn damage of area, ninety-five portion of the port has just been referred to. Square miles are reserved for the machines, and for the men who serve them and for the calculators that serve both.Only five percent of the port is given over to the flo ods of humanity to whom it is the way station to all the stars of the Galaxy. It is certain that very few of the anonymous many-headed stop to consider the proficient mesh that knits the spaceways. Perhaps some(a) of them might itch occasionally at the thought of the thous of tons wreaked by the sinking steel that aspects so small off in the distance. One of those cyclopean cylinders could, c at a timeivably, miss the channelize beam and crash half a mile from its expected landing place point with the glas m anilee roof of the immense waiting room maybe so that just presently a thin organic vapor and some powdered phosphates would be left behind to mark the passing of a thousand men.It could neer happen, however, with the safety devices in use and yet the badly neurotic would consider the possibility for more than a moment.Then what do they commemorate ab break? It is not just a push, you claver. It is a work party with a purpose. That purpose hovers over the field and thickens the atmosphere. Lines queue up parents herd their children baggage is maneuvered in precise masses citizenry are waiver someplaces.Consider then the complete psychic isolation of a case-by-case unit of this terribly intent mob that does not bop where to go yet at the same time feels more intensely than any of the others possibly can, the necessity of going somewheres anyplace Or almost anywhereEven lacking telepathy or any of the crudely expressed methods of mind touching mind, there is a sufficient clash in atmosphere, in intangible mood, to suffice for despair.To suffice? To overflow, and drench, and dr own.Arcadia Darell, dressed in borrowed clothes, standing(a)(a) on a borrowed planet in a borrowed situation of what seemed purge to be a borrowed life, valued earnestly the safety of the womb. She didnt know that was what she cute. She only knew that the very open airness of the open world was a great danger. She valued a closed spot somewhere somewhere far somewhere in an unexplored nook of the universe where no unrivaled would ever wait.And there she was, age fourteen plus, weary enough for eighty plus, panicked enough for five minus.What crazy of the hundreds that napped past her actually brushed past her, so that she could feel their touch was a Second Foundati unrivalledr? What stranger could not help but instantly destroy her for her guilty companionship her unique knowledge of knowing where the Second Foundation was?And the voice that slash in on her was a thunderclap that iced the scream in her throat into a voiceless slash.Look, miss, it state, irritably, are you using the ticket machine or are you just standing there?It was the first she realized that she was standing in front of a ticket machine. You effectuate a elevated denomination bill into the clipper which sank out of sight. You pressed the button raven the stairs your destination and a ticket came out together with the correct flip-flop as determin ed by an electronic scanning device that never made a mistake. It was a very ordinary thing and there is no cause for anyone to stand before it for five minutes.Arcadia plunged a deuce-hundred conviction into the clipper, and was suddenly aware of the button labeled Trantor. Trantor, perfectly capital of the dead Empire the planet on which she was born. She pressed it in a dream. cryptograph happened, except that the red letters flicked on and off, contemplateing 172.18- 172.18- 172.18-It was the amount she was short. some other two-hundred credit. The ticket was spit out towards her. It came loose when she touched it, and the change tumbled out by and byward.She seized it and ran. She felt the man behind her pressing close, anxious for his own get at the machine, but she twisted out from before him and did not prospect behind.Yet there was nowhere to run. They were all her enemies.Without quite realizing it, she was watching the gigantic, unyieldinging signs that puffed into the air Steffani, Anacreon, Fermus- There was even one that ballooned, Terminus, and she longed for it, but did not dare-For a trifling sum, she could direct hired a notifier which could contract been station for any destination she cared and which would, when placed in her purse, make itself heard only to her, fifteen minutes before take-off time. But such devices are for people who are reasonably secure, however who can pause to think of them.And then, attempting to look both ways simultaneously, she ran head-on into a soft abdomen. She felt the floor outbreath and grunt, and a hand come down on her arm. She writhed desperately but lacked breath to do more than mew a microchip in the back of her throat.Her captor held her firmly and waited. Slowly, he came into focus for her and she managed to look at him. He was rather plump and rather short. His hair was clean and copious, being brushed back to give a pompadour piece that looked strangely incongruous above a round a nd ruddy reflexion that shrieked its peasant origin.Whats the guinea pig? he tell finally, with a uncivil and twinkling curiosity. You look scared.Sorry, muttered Arcadia in a frenzy. Ive got to go. Pardon me.But he disregarded that entirely, and said, Watch out, piffling girl. Youll drop your ticket. And he lifted it from her unresisting white fingers and looked at it with every evidence of satisfaction.I thought so, he said, and then bawled in bull-like tones, MommuhA woman was instantly at his side, close to more short, somewhat more round, somewhat more ruddy. She wound a finger about a stray gray lock to twinge it beneath a well-outmoded hat. dad, she said, reprovingly, why do you shout in a crowd like that? People look at you like you were crazy. Do you think you are on the farm?And she smiled sunnily at the refractory Arcadia, and added, He has manners like a bear. Then, craftyly, daddy, let go the little girl. What are you doing?But soda simply waved the ticket a t her. Look, he said, shes going to Trantor.Mammas face was a sudden beam, Youre from Trantor? Let go her arm, I say, protactinium. She acidifyed the overstuffed valise she was carrying onto its side and forced Arcadia to sit down with a gentle but unrelenting pressure. Sit down, she said, and rest your little feet. It go out be no ship yet for an hour and the benches are crowd with sleeping loafers. You are from Trantor?Arcadia drew a deep breath and gave in. Huskily, she said, I was born there.And Mamma clapped her hands gleefully, One month weve been here and till now we met nobody from home. This is very nice. Your parents- she looked about vaguely.Im not with my parents, Arcadia said, carefully.All unaccompanied? A little girl like you? Mamma was at once a blend of indignation and sympathy, How does that come to be?Mamma, pappa draw at her sleeve, let me tell you. Theres something violate. I think shes frightened. His voice, though apparently intended for a whisper was quite plainly audible to Arcadia. She was foot race I was watching her and not looking where she was going. Before I could bar out of the way, she bumped into me. And you know what? I think shes in trouble.So leave out your babble, Pappa. Into you, anybody could bump. But she joined Arcadia on the valise, which creaked wearily under the added weight and put an arm about the girls trembling shoulder. Youre running away from somebody, sweetheart? Dont be afraid to tell me. III help you.Arcadia looked across at the attractive gray warmheartednesss of the woman and felt her lips quivering. One part of her hotshot was copulation her that here were people from Trantor, with whom she could go, who could help her remain on that planet until she could decide what next to do, where next to go. And another part of her brain, much the louder, was telling her in jumbled incoherence that she did not remember her mother, that she was weary to decease of fighting the universe, that she wanted only to curl into a little sign with strong, gentle arms about her, that if her mother had lived, she might she might-And for the first time that night, she was crying crying like a little baby, and glad of it clutching tightly at the old-fashioned dress and dampening a corner of it thoroughly, epoch soft arms held her closely and a gentle hand stroked her curls.Pappa stood helplessly looking at the pair, fumbling futilely for a hankie which, when produced, was snatched from his hand. Mamma glared an admonition of quietness at him. The crowds surged about the little theme with the true indifference of disconnected crowds everywhere. They were effectively alone.Finally, the weeping trickled to a halt, and Arcadia smiled weakly as she dabbed at red eyes with the borrowed handkerchief. Golly, she whispered,Shh. Shh. Dont talk, said Mamma, fussily, just sit and rest for a while. Catch your breath. Then tell us whats wrong, and youll see, well establish it up, and everything allow be all right.Arcadia scrabbled what remained of her wits together. She could not tell them the truth. She could tell nobody the truth- And yet she was too worn to invent a helpful lie.She said, whisperingly, Im fall in, now.Good, said Mamma. Now tell me why youre in trouble. You did nothing wrong? Of course, whatever you did, well help you but tell us the truth.For a friend from Trantor, anything, added Pappa, expansively, eh, Mamma?Shut your mouth, Pappa, was the response, without rancor.Arcadia was groping in her purse. That, at least, was even so hers, despite the rapid clothes-changing forced upon her in bird Callias apartments. She found what she was looking for and handed it to Mamma.These are my papers, she said, diffidently. It was shiny, synthetic parchment which had been issued her by the Foundations ambassador on the day of her arrival and which had been countersigned by the appropriate Kalganian official. It was large, florid, and impressive. Mamma looked at it helplessly, and passed it to Pappa who absorbed its contents with an impressive pursing of the lips.He said, Youre from the Foundation?Yes. But I was born in Trantor. See it says that-Ah-hah. It looks all right to me. Youre named Arcadia, eh? Thats a flagitious Trantorian name. But wheres your uncle? It says here you came in the company of Homir Munn, uncle.Hes been arrested, said Arcadia, drearily.Arrested from the two of them at once. What for? asked Mamma. He did something?She shook her head. I dont know. We were just on a visit. Uncle Homir had backing with Lord Stettin but- She needed no effort to act a shudder. It was there.Pappa was impressed. With Lord Stettin. Mm-m-m, your uncle must be a big man.I dont know what it was all about, but Lord Stettin wanted me to stay- She was recalling the last words of Lady Callia, which had been acted out for her benefit. Since Callia, as she now knew, was an expert, the story could do for a hour time.She paused, and Mamma said inte restedly, And why you?Im not sure. He he wanted to have dinner with me all alone, but I said no, because I wanted Uncle Homir along. He looked at me funny and kept holding my shoulder.Pappas mouth was a little open, but Mamma was suddenly red and angry. How old are you, Arcadia?Fourteen and a half, almost.Mamma drew a bang-up breath and said, That such people should be let live. The dogs in the streets are better. Youre running from him, dear, is not?Arcadia nodded.Mamma said, Pappa, go right to Information and take on out exactly when the ship to Trantor comes to berth. HurryBut Pappa took one step and stopped. Loud metallic words were booming overhead, and five thousand pairs of eyes looked startledly upwards. Men and women, it said, with sharp force. The airport is being searched for a dangerous fugitive, and it is now surrounded. No one can enter and no one can leave. The search will, however, be conducted with great speed and no ships will reach or leave berth during the inte rval, so you will not miss your ship. I repeat, no one will miss his ship. The football field will descend. None of you will move outside your fledge until the power grid is removed, as otherwise we will be forced to use our neural whips.During the minute or less in which the voice dominated the broad dome of the spaceports waiting room, Arcadia could not have moved if all the unholy in the Galaxy had concentrated itself into a ball and hurled itself at her.They could stringent only her. It was not even necessary to formulate that idea as a specific thought. But why-Callia had engineered her escape. And Callia was of the Second Foundation. Why, then, the search now? Had Callia discovered? Could Callia fail? Or was this part of the plan, the intricacies of which escaped her?For a vertiginous moment, she wanted to cut across up and shout that she gave up, that she would go with them, that that-But Mammas hand was on her wrist. rapid Quick Well go to the ladys room before they start.Arcadia did not understand. She precisely followed blindly. They oozed through with(predicate) the crowd, frozen as it was into clumps, with the voice still booming through its last words.The grid was descending now, and Pappa, openmouthed, watched it come down. He had heard of it and read of it, but had never actually been the object of it. It glimmered in the air, simply a series of cross-hatched and tight radiation-beams that set the air aglow in a harmless network of flashing light.It always was so arranged as to descend slowly from above in order that it might represent a dropping net with all the terrific psychological implications of entrapment.It was at waist-level now, ten feet between glowing pull outs in each direction. In his own hundred square feet, Pappa found himself alone, yet the adjoining squares were crowded. He felt himself conspicuously isolated but knew that to move into the greater anonymity of a group would have meant crossing one of those glowing li nes, brainchild an alarm, and bringing down the neuronic whip.He waited.He could make out over the heads of the eerily quiet and waiting mob, the far-off stir that was the line of policemen covering the vast floor area, well-lighted square by lighted square.It was a long time before a uniform stepped into his square and carefully noted its co-ordinates into an official notebook.PapersPappa handed them over, and they were flipped through in expert fashion.Youre Preem Palver, native of Trantor, on Kalgan for a month, returning to Trantor. Answer, yes or no.Yes, yes.Whats your business on Kalgan?Im trading legate of our farm co-operative. Ive been negotiating terms with the Department of Agriculture on Kalgan.Um-m-m. Your wife is with you? Where is she? She is mentioned in your papers.Please. My wife is in the- He pointed.Hanto, roared the ships officer. some other uniform joined him.The first one said, dryly, Another dame in the can, by the Galaxy. The place must be busting with them. compile down her name. He indicated the entry in the papers which gave it.Anyone else with you?My niece.Shes not mentioned in the papers.She came separately.Where is she? Never mind, I know. Write down the nieces name, too, Hanto. Whats her name? Write down Arcadia Palver. You stay right here, Palver. Well take care of the women before we leave.Pappa waited interminably. And then, long, long after, Mamma was marching toward him, Arcadias hand firmly in hers, the two policemen trailing behind her.They entered Pappas square, and one said, Is this noisy old woman your wife?Yes, sir, said Pappa, placatingly.Then youd better tell her shes liable to get into trouble if she negotiation the way she does to the First Citizens police. He back-to-backened his shoulders angrily. Is this your niece?Yes, sir.I want her papers.Looking straight at her husband, Mamma slightly, but no less firmly, shook her head.A short pause, and Pappa said with a weak smile, I dont think I can do that.What do you mean you cant do that? The policeman thrust out a hard palm. Hand it over.Diplomatic immunity, said Pappa, softly.What do you mean?I said I was trading interpretive program of my farm co-operative. Im accredited to the Kalganian government as an official foreign representative and my papers prove it. I showed them to you and now I dont want to be bothered any more.For a moment, the policeman was taken aback. I got to see your papers. Its orders.You go away, broke in Mamma, suddenly. When we want you, well send for you, you you bum.The policemans lips tightened. Keep your eye on them, Hanto. Ill get the lieutenant.Break a leg called Mamma after him. Someone laughed, and then choked it off suddenly.The search was approaching its end. The crowd was growing dangerously restless. Forty-five minutes had elapsed since the grid had started falling and that is too long for best effects. Lieutenant Dirige threaded his way hastily, therefore, toward the intricate center of the mob.Is this the girl? he asked wearily. He looked at her and she obviously fitted the description. All this for a child.He said, Her papers, if you please?Pappa began, I have already explained-I know what you have explained, and Im sorry, said the lieutenant, but I have my orders, and I cant help them. If you care to make a protest later, you may. Meanwhile, if necessary, I must use force.There was a pause, and the lieutenant waited patiently.Then Pappa said, huskily, Give me your papers, Arcadia.Arcadia shook her head in panic, but Pappa nodded his head. Dont be afraid. Give them to me.Helplessly she reached out and let the documents change hands. Pappa fumbled them open and looked carefully through them, then handed them over. The lieutenant in his turn looked through them carefully. For a long moment, he raised his eyes to rest them on Arcadia, and then he closed the booklet with a sharp snap.All in order, he said. All right, men.He left, and in two minutes, scarcely more, the grid was gone, and the voice above signified a back-to-normal. The noise of the crowd, suddenly released, rose high.Arcadia said How how-Pappa said, Sh-h. Dont say a word. Lets better go to the ship. It should be in the berth soon.They were on the ship. They had a secret stateroom and a table to themselves in the dining room. Two light-years already illogical them from Kalgan, and Arcadia finally dared to broach the subject again.She said, But they were after me, Mr. Palver, and they must have had my description and all the details. Why did he let me go?And Pappa smiled broadly over his roast beef. Well, Arcadia, child, it was easy. When youve been dealing with agents and buyers and competing co-operatives, you learn some of the tricks. Ive had twenty years or more to learn them in. You see, child, when the lieutenant opened your papers, he found a five hundred credit bill inside, folded up small. Simple, no?Ill pay you back- Honest, Ive got lots of money.Well, Pappas broad face broke int o an upset smile, as he waved it away. For a country-woman-Arcadia desisted. But what if hed taken the money and sullen me in anyway. And accused me of corruptry.And give up five hundred attribute? I know these people better than you do, girl.But Arcadia knew that he did not know people better. Not these people. In her bed that night, she considered carefully, and knew that no bribe would have stopped a police lieutenant in the matter of catching her unless that had been planned. They didnt want to catch her, yet had made every gesture of doing so, nevertheless.Why? To make sure she left? And for Trantor? Were the obtuse and soft-hearted couple she was with now only a pair of tools in the hands of the Second Foundation, as helpless as she herself?They must beOr were they?It was all so useless. How could she fight them. Whatever she did, it might only be what those terrible omnipotents wanted her to do.Yet she had to outwit them. Had to. Had to Had to

Green Tourism Essay

environmental concern is one of the major topics under password by dint ofout the foundation due to its detrimental contact which is inevitable devoted the way in which resources ar drug abused and the environs polluted. Going kibibyte is a concept pick out by several businesses around the world. twain(prenominal) of these businesses be honestly concerned approximately the milieu whereas others have adopted it as a marketing stratagem to make profits. Thus, it is hard to produce whether or non honey oil touristry is a marketing ploy just if undertaken morally and ethically indeed it should non be the vitrine (Kandari & Chandra, 2004).The touristry sedulousness has been under scrutiny for damaging the environment. Hotels and resorts are be constructed in fair landscapes in order to attract customers. Moreover, they undertake jet plane touristry marketing campaigns in order to justify themselves (Weeden, 2002). Is parking area touristry, then a marketin g ploy? In order to answer this headway we wishing to know what chiliad tourism is and what impact it has on the environment (http//www. helium. com/items/1115642-green-marketing). What Is Green tourism?Green tourism is all nearly the purvey of environmentally affectionate tourism services of all kinds ranging from leisure, business and volunteer(a) tourism services. Green tourism has in addition been termed as eco-tourism and sustainable tourism. each of the terms revolves around the same cause i. e. low impact and environmentally friendly tourism. Green tourism is overly cosmos an environmentally friendly tourist itself for e. g. taking a leisure trip to a beautiful resort hardly also, in the processes, have the lowest impact on the environment where you are headed.Generally then green tourism states that we should not only protect and preserve the place in which we live except also the places where we travel. Should Green Tourism Be Promoted? Whether or not green tour ism is a marketing ploy or not is a question we allow answer later but firstly we need to know whether or not green tourism should be promoted or not. The environmental impact of businesses around the world has now become a grave source of concern.As the world realized that most of the all- measurable(a) natural resources are limited in supply, steps are being taken to help prevent environmental damage and to use the hallowed natural resources in the most efficient and effective manner. The tourism industry has been at the center stage of the debate. Let us discuss the versatile impacts that tourism has on the environment and there effects. Tourisms feign on the Environment The environment has a certain limit to the consequence of visitors it screw handle for e. g.rainforest is able to maintain the ecological offset with a few resorts and tourists but if the rainforest gets plagued with resorts, hotels and tourists, the ecological balance will be disturbed and threatened. To urism has three major impacts on the environment i. e. the depletion of natural resources, pollution and physical impacts (Jones & Munday, 2007). Firstly, natural resources such as piddle for e. g. are overused by hotels and resorts. In fact tourists tend to use much piddle at a holiday then they do at home.Golf courses require immense amount of water and contribute to the depletion of water resources. Tourism also puts great stress on topical anaesthetic zilch, vulgar material and water resources for a country (Woodside, 2009). By far, land degradation is the most crucial impact of tourism on natural resources. scenic landscapes and important resources such as minerals, wildlife etceteraare often destroyed finished the construction of tourism facilities such as recreational centers, hotels and resorts. Secondly, tourism also contributes to pollution, especially in environments where pollution lav cause much scathe for e.g. wildlife reserves in Africa, rainforests in Sout h America, beach resorts in Maldives etc. Pollution caused by tourism comes in the form of emissions, noise, sewerage, waste presidency and littering. Moreover, aesthetic pollution is also a major concern, mostly, tourism structures disclose to integrate themselves within the natural landscape and result in the conclusion of the scenic beauty. Lastly, tourism also contributes immensely to the physical destruction of the environment. An ecosystem is a structure of living organisms, their physical surroundings and the natural cycles that sustain them.E actuallything is in perfect harmony but this harmony is often disrupted through tourism. The construction of resorts and hotels calls for land paving, sand mining, terrain restructuring etc. this causes land erosion and handout of wildlife habitats and ecosystems themselves. Deforestation is another very destructive physical impact that tourism has on the environment (Yeoman & Beattie, 2006). Given the immense environmental impact o f tourism it is imperative that action be taken to help resolve the problem.fiscal assistance in the form of environmental aid, improved environmental counseling and planning, environmental awareness raising, protection and preservation and various regulatory measures are essential for environment sustainability (Grubler, 2006). one and only(a) form of achieving all this is green tourism in itself. In several European countries, green tourism is promoted and also sponsored by governments themselves. This reflects the fact that several governments are also promoting the marketing of green tourisms.The aim should be to target responsible citizens who would choose green boldnesss i. e. organizations that are environmentally friendly to purchase goods and services. The Ashdene residence and Radisson SAS Hotel Case Studies To get a better understanding about why organizations and businesses, whether small or large, exact in green tourism we will analyze two fortune studies from Eur ope, The Ashdene House, a quintet room guest house in the southwestward of Edinburgh and the Radisson SAS Hotel in Glasgow, Scotland. Case 1 Ashdene HouseThe Ashdene House is a five bedroom guest house on the south of Edinburgh. It was rewarded the currency allocate by the Green Tourism Business Scheme in 1998 for its lettering towards environmental sustenance. The guest house has worked towards energy and waste management in an eco-friendly manner. They considered the fact that less(prenominal) energy use will lead to less environmental damage and consequently reduction in globose warming. do in recycling is actively pursued with waste being sorted into cardboard, glass, pliant and food.Moreover, energy saving devices and appliances are used to ensure that minimum energy is wasted. Moreover, the guest house also encourages guests to be environmentally friendly by using public transport or walking to the Edinburgh center. To promote biodiversity of the local ecosystem, it ha s installed bird feeds and water equipment. The owners, Mr. and Mrs. Daulby are the masterminds behind this green initiative. They also use recycled material such as recycled toilet paper and consume perfect harvest-tides.The Daulbys have made available an environmental tract to contain the guests engaged in environmental protection. The pamphlet requests visitors to sort their rubbish in such a manner that recyclable material is put separately, the pamphlet encourages the use of public transport or walking instead of crusade and lastly and most importantly it articulates visitors that environmentally friendly activities must not only be engaged in when on holiday but also at home. Case 2 Radisson SAS Hotel The Radisson SAS Hotel in Glasgow takes the environment very seriously.In 2001, it announced a Responsible Business Program which emphasise upon reducing the negative impact of the business on the natural environment. The hotel unresolved up in Glasgow in 2002 with 247 gue st bed cortege. The building design was create in such an architectural manner that it integrated well with the traditional and modern architecture of Glasgow city itself. Soon after inauguration, the hotel in 2003 was awarded the Gold Award for the Green Tourism Business Scheme. The hotel has been a lead musician in environmental sustainability. Water, gas, electricity and waste are managed effectively and efficiently.The hotel is given a sustainability target based on resource usage by the head office and mostly it aims to exceed the expectations of the head office by conserving more energy and utilizing fewer resources. All the lighting, air conditioning and electric appliances of the hotel are controlled through a computer unit. Whenever they are not in use the computer automatically shuts them off to save energy. The hotel also engages in the recycling of glass, paper and cardboard. A pamphlet in all hotel rooms enlightens guests regarding the Responsible Business Program un dertaken by the hotel.The hotel markets its environmental efforts actively in Hotelier magazines, their website and various sponsored events. The hotel believes that the green initiative also gives the hotel an advantage, especially with German and Scandinavian visitors. They believe that companies which are certified with the ISO 14001 environmental standards would choose a green hotel over one that did not pay attention to the environment. One thing to note here is that the green initiative undertaken by Radisson SAS is not a marketing ploy but it is present throughout the organization, at all levels right down till the ground level.Green Tourism A Marketing Ploy or Strategy? We understand that their can be two reasons for green tourism. Firstly, that an organization is rightfully concerned about the environment and has always been committed to go green or secondly, the organization is following the markets trends and faking the whole button green concept. This is also termed as greenwashing where organizations encourage products as eco-friendly where in fact they are not. It is obvious that most of the troupes pursue the go green concept for the profits that organise out of it. At times, companies have to point out the positive aspects of their products.We can say that this is intelligent marketing because given the economic recession and the global environmental crisis, and organizations will do what it takes to do, even if it is green tourism marketing, in order to keep minting money (Becken, 2005). Companies are in the business for qualification money they will do whatever the customers want. The typesetters cases discussed above are examples of situations otherwise. Ashdene House and Radisson SAS were sincerely concerned with the environmental impact of their activities. So should be the case given the severe impact of tourism on the environment as discussed earlier.Companies are now in the race of green marketing, using interpret words such as a ll-organic, pure natural etc to allure customers. It is genuine that most of the companies are not actually going green but yet again, as the cases presented prove, there are some companies that are rattling going green with no strings attached and they are sincerely concerned about the environment. Green tourism marketing has the same scenario legion(predicate) hotels and resorts boast their environmental concern but have little or no prove to support their claims (Mowforth & Munt, 2008).Trade commissions and authorities around the world have made green marketing guidelines stricter so that companies dont use it as a marketing gimmick. The issue of marketing improvidence arises when organizations design products and services which are environmentally friendly, educate customers regarding the environmental efforts and the reasons for their marketing and lastly but most importantly ensure the credibility of the product claims and refrain from making false claims (dAmore, 1993).Con clusion To conclude, we can say that green marketing or the marketing of products that are environmentally safe has been both a ploy for numerous companies whereas for others it is an honest effort to promote environmental awareness and minimize the impact of their operations on the environment. It is hard to tell whether or not a company is actually concerned about the environment or whether it has undertaken the effort to increase revenue and eventually profits.However, stricter rules and regulations and the important roles played by the International Standard Organization through their ISO 14000 support are granting companies the environmentally friendly status. At the end of the day, even if a company is ISO 14000 certified, we will never find out whether it markets its certification for increase revenue or if it is actually proud of its success. References Becken S. (2005). The role of tourist icons for sustainable tourism, Journal of Vancation Marketing, Vol 11, 21 30. dAmor e L. J. (1993).A Code of Ethics and Guidelines for socially and Environmentally Responsible Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 31, 64 66. Grubler A. , (2006). Doing More with little Improving the Environment through Green Engineering, Environment, Vol 48, 2237. Helium/Jeff Parsons. Is going green a new marketing ploy? Retrieved March 24, 2010, from http//www. helium. com/items/1115642-green-marketing Jones C. and Munday M. (2007). Exploring the Environmental Consequences of Tourism A Satellite Account Approach, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 46, 164 172. Kandari O. P, Chandra Ashish. (2004).Tourism, Biodiversity and sustainable Development. 4th Edition. Gyan Publishing House. Mowforth M. , Munt Ian. (2008). Tourism and Sustainability. 3rd Edition Illustrated. Taylor & Francis. Weeden C. (2002). Ethical tourism An opportunity for competitive advantage? , Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol 8, 141 153. Woodside Arch G.. (2009). Applying Systems view to Sustainable Golf Tour ism, Journal of Travel Research, vol 48, 205 215. Yeoman I. and McMahon-Beattie U. (2006). Understanding the impact of climate change on Scottish tourism, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol 12, 371 379.